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The JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification registers cryptographic algorithms and identifiers to be used with the JSON Web Signature (JWS), JSON Web Encryption (JWE), and JSON Web Key (JWK) specifications. It defines several IANA registries for these identifiers.
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as “work in progress.”
This Internet-Draft will expire on May 16, 2014.
Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
1.
Introduction
1.1.
Notational Conventions
2.
Terminology
3.
Cryptographic Algorithms for Digital Signatures and MACs
3.1.
"alg" (Algorithm) Header Parameter Values for JWS
3.2.
HMAC with SHA-2 Functions
3.3.
Digital Signature with RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5
3.4.
Digital Signature with ECDSA
3.5.
Digital Signature with RSASSA-PSS
3.6.
Using the Algorithm "none"
4.
Cryptographic Algorithms for Key Management
4.1.
"alg" (Algorithm) Header Parameter Values for JWE
4.2.
Key Encryption with RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5
4.3.
Key Encryption with RSAES OAEP
4.4.
Key Wrapping with AES Key Wrap
4.5.
Direct Encryption with a Shared Symmetric Key
4.6.
Key Agreement with Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral Static (ECDH-ES)
4.6.1.
Header Parameters Used for ECDH Key Agreement
4.6.1.1.
"epk" (Ephemeral Public Key) Header Parameter
4.6.1.2.
"apu" (Agreement PartyUInfo) Header Parameter
4.6.1.3.
"apv" (Agreement PartyVInfo) Header Parameter
4.6.2.
Key Derivation for ECDH Key Agreement
4.7.
Key Encryption with AES GCM
4.7.1.
Header Parameters Used for AES GCM Key Encryption
4.7.1.1.
"iv" (Initialization Vector) Header Parameter
4.7.1.2.
"tag" (Authentication Tag) Header Parameter
4.8.
Key Encryption with PBES2
4.8.1.
Header Parameters Used for PBES2 Key Encryption
4.8.1.1.
"p2s" (PBES2 salt) Parameter
4.8.1.2.
"p2c" (PBES2 count) Parameter
5.
Cryptographic Algorithms for Content Encryption
5.1.
"enc" (Encryption Method) Header Parameter Values for JWE
5.2.
AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Algorithms
5.2.1.
Conventions Used in Defining AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2
5.2.2.
Generic AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Algorithm
5.2.2.1.
AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Encryption
5.2.2.2.
AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Decryption
5.2.3.
AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256
5.2.4.
AES_192_CBC_HMAC_SHA_384
5.2.5.
AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_512
5.2.6.
Plaintext Encryption with AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2
5.3.
Plaintext Encryption with AES GCM
6.
Cryptographic Algorithms for Keys
6.1.
"kty" (Key Type) Parameter Values
6.2.
Parameters for Elliptic Curve Keys
6.2.1.
Parameters for Elliptic Curve Public Keys
6.2.1.1.
"crv" (Curve) Parameter
6.2.1.2.
"x" (X Coordinate) Parameter
6.2.1.3.
"y" (Y Coordinate) Parameter
6.2.2.
Parameters for Elliptic Curve Private Keys
6.2.2.1.
"d" (ECC Private Key) Parameter
6.3.
Parameters for RSA Keys
6.3.1.
Parameters for RSA Public Keys
6.3.1.1.
"n" (Modulus) Parameter
6.3.1.2.
"e" (Exponent) Parameter
6.3.2.
Parameters for RSA Private Keys
6.3.2.1.
"d" (Private Exponent) Parameter
6.3.2.2.
"p" (First Prime Factor) Parameter
6.3.2.3.
"q" (Second Prime Factor) Parameter
6.3.2.4.
"dp" (First Factor CRT Exponent) Parameter
6.3.2.5.
"dq" (Second Factor CRT Exponent) Parameter
6.3.2.6.
"qi" (First CRT Coefficient) Parameter
6.3.2.7.
"oth" (Other Primes Info) Parameter
6.4.
Parameters for Symmetric Keys
6.4.1.
"k" (Key Value) Parameter
7.
IANA Considerations
7.1.
JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms Registry
7.1.1.
Registration Template
7.1.2.
Initial Registry Contents
7.2.
JWE Header Parameter Names Registration
7.2.1.
Registry Contents
7.3.
JSON Web Encryption Compression Algorithms Registry
7.3.1.
Registration Template
7.3.2.
Initial Registry Contents
7.4.
JSON Web Key Types Registry
7.4.1.
Registration Template
7.4.2.
Initial Registry Contents
7.5.
JSON Web Key Parameters Registration
7.5.1.
Registry Contents
7.6.
JSON Web Key Elliptic Curve Registry
7.6.1.
Registration Template
7.6.2.
Initial Registry Contents
8.
Security Considerations
8.1.
Algorithms and Key Sizes will be Deprecated
8.2.
Key Lifetimes
8.3.
RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 Security Considerations
8.4.
AES GCM Security Considerations
8.5.
Plaintext JWS Security Considerations
8.6.
Differences between Digital Signatures and MACs
8.7.
Denial of Service Attacks
8.8.
Reusing Key Material when Encrypting Keys
8.9.
Password Considerations
9.
Internationalization Considerations
10.
References
10.1.
Normative References
10.2.
Informative References
Appendix A.
Algorithm Identifier Cross-Reference
A.1.
Digital Signature/MAC Algorithm Identifier Cross-Reference
A.2.
Key Management Algorithm Identifier Cross-Reference
A.3.
Content Encryption Algorithm Identifier Cross-Reference
Appendix B.
Test Cases for AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Algorithms
B.1.
Test Cases for AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256
B.2.
Test Cases for AES_192_CBC_HMAC_SHA_384
B.3.
Test Cases for AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_512
Appendix C.
Example ECDH-ES Key Agreement Computation
Appendix D.
Acknowledgements
Appendix E.
Document History
§
Author's Address
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The JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification registers cryptographic algorithms and identifiers to be used with the JSON Web Signature (JWS) [JWS] (Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, “JSON Web Signature (JWS),” November 2013.), JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [JWE] (Jones, M., Rescorla, E., and J. Hildebrand, “JSON Web Encryption (JWE),” November 2013.), and JSON Web Key (JWK) [JWK] (Jones, M., “JSON Web Key (JWK),” November 2013.) specifications. It defines several IANA registries for these identifiers. All these specifications utilize JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [RFC4627] (Crockford, D., “The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON),” July 2006.) based data structures. This specification also describes the semantics and operations that are specific to these algorithms and key types.
Registering the algorithms and identifiers here, rather than in the JWS, JWE, and JWK specifications, is intended to allow them to remain unchanged in the face of changes in the set of Required, Recommended, Optional, and Deprecated algorithms over time. This also allows changes to the JWS, JWE, and JWK specifications without changing this document.
Names defined by this specification are short because a core goal is for the resulting representations to be compact.
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The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels [RFC2119] (Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,” March 1997.). If these words are used without being spelled in uppercase then they are to be interpreted with their normal natural language meanings.
BASE64URL(OCTETS) denotes the base64url encoding of OCTETS, per Section 2 (Terminology).
UTF8(STRING) denotes the octets of the UTF-8 [RFC3629] (Yergeau, F., “UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646,” November 2003.) representation of STRING.
ASCII(STRING) denotes the octets of the ASCII [USASCII] (American National Standards Institute, “Coded Character Set -- 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange,” 1986.) representation of STRING.
The concatenation of two values A and B is denoted as A || B.
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These terms defined by the JSON Web Signature (JWS) [JWS] (Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, “JSON Web Signature (JWS),” November 2013.) specification are incorporated into this specification: "JSON Web Signature (JWS)", "JWS Header", "JWS Payload", "JWS Signature", "JWS Protected Header", "Base64url Encoding", and "JWS Signing Input".
These terms defined by the JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [JWE] (Jones, M., Rescorla, E., and J. Hildebrand, “JSON Web Encryption (JWE),” November 2013.) specification are incorporated into this specification: "JSON Web Encryption (JWE)", "Authenticated Encryption", "Plaintext", "Ciphertext", "Additional Authenticated Data (AAD)", "Authentication Tag", "Content Encryption Key (CEK)", "JWE Header", "JWE Encrypted Key", "JWE Initialization Vector", "JWE Ciphertext", "JWE Authentication Tag", "JWE Protected Header", "Key Management Mode", "Key Encryption", "Key Wrapping", "Direct Key Agreement", "Key Agreement with Key Wrapping", and "Direct Encryption".
These terms defined by the JSON Web Key (JWK) [JWK] (Jones, M., “JSON Web Key (JWK),” November 2013.) specification are incorporated into this specification: "JSON Web Key (JWK)" and "JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set)".
These terms are defined for use by this specification:
- Header Parameter
- A name/value pair that is member of a JWS Header or JWE Header.
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JWS uses cryptographic algorithms to digitally sign or create a Message Authentication Codes (MAC) of the contents of the JWS Header and the JWS Payload.
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The table below is the set of alg (algorithm) header parameter values defined by this specification for use with JWS, each of which is explained in more detail in the following sections:
alg Parameter Value | Digital Signature or MAC Algorithm | Implementation Requirements |
---|---|---|
HS256 | HMAC using SHA-256 | Required |
HS384 | HMAC using SHA-384 | Optional |
HS512 | HMAC using SHA-512 | Optional |
RS256 | RSASSA-PKCS-v1_5 using SHA-256 | Recommended |
RS384 | RSASSA-PKCS-v1_5 using SHA-384 | Optional |
RS512 | RSASSA-PKCS-v1_5 using SHA-512 | Optional |
ES256 | ECDSA using P-256 and SHA-256 | Recommended+ |
ES384 | ECDSA using P-384 and SHA-384 | Optional |
ES512 | ECDSA using P-521 and SHA-512 | Optional |
PS256 | RSASSA-PSS using SHA-256 and MGF1 with SHA-256 | Optional |
PS384 | RSASSA-PSS using SHA-384 and MGF1 with SHA-384 | Optional |
PS512 | RSASSA-PSS using SHA-512 and MGF1 with SHA-512 | Optional |
none | No digital signature or MAC performed | Optional |
The use of "+" in the Implementation Requirements indicates that the requirement strength is likely to be increased in a future version of the specification.
See Appendix A.1 (Digital Signature/MAC Algorithm Identifier Cross-Reference) for a table cross-referencing the JWS digital signature and MAC alg (algorithm) values defined in this specification with the equivalent identifiers used by other standards and software packages.
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Hash-based Message Authentication Codes (HMACs) enable one to use a secret plus a cryptographic hash function to generate a Message Authentication Code (MAC). This can be used to demonstrate that whoever generated the MAC was in possession of the MAC key.
The algorithm for implementing and validating HMACs is provided in RFC 2104 (Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, “HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication,” February 1997.) [RFC2104]. This section defines the use of the HMAC SHA-256, HMAC SHA-384, and HMAC SHA-512 functions [SHS] (National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Secure Hash Standard (SHS),” October 2008.). The alg (algorithm) Header Parameter values HS256, HS384, and HS512 are used in the JWS Header to indicate that the JWS Signature contains an HMAC value using the respective hash function.
A key of the same size as the hash output (for instance, 256 bits for HS256) or larger MUST be used with this algorithm.
The HMAC SHA-256 MAC is generated per RFC 2104, using SHA-256 as the hash algorithm "H", using the JWS Signing Input as the "text" value, and using the shared key. The HMAC output value is the JWS Signature.
The HMAC SHA-256 MAC for a JWS is validated by computing an HMAC value per RFC 2104, using SHA-256 as the hash algorithm "H", using the received JWS Signing Input as the "text" value, and using the shared key. This computed HMAC value is then compared to the result of base64url decoding the received encoded JWS Signature value. Alternatively, the computed HMAC value can be base64url encoded and compared to the received encoded JWS Signature value, as this comparison produces the same result as comparing the unencoded values. In either case, if the values match, the HMAC has been validated.
Securing content with the HMAC SHA-384 and HMAC SHA-512 algorithms is performed identically to the procedure for HMAC SHA-256 -- just using the corresponding hash algorithms with correspondingly larger minimum key sizes and result values: 384 bits each for HMAC SHA-384 and 512 bits each for HMAC SHA-512.
An example using this algorithm is shown in Appendix A.1 of [JWS] (Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, “JSON Web Signature (JWS),” November 2013.).
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This section defines the use of the RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5 digital signature algorithm as defined in Section 8.2 of RFC 3447 (Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, “Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1,” February 2003.) [RFC3447] (commonly known as PKCS #1), using SHA-256, SHA-384, or SHA-512 [SHS] (National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Secure Hash Standard (SHS),” October 2008.) as the hash functions. The alg (algorithm) header parameter values RS256, RS384, and RS512 are used in the JWS Header to indicate that the JWS Signature contains a RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5 digital signature using the respective hash function.
A key of size 2048 bits or larger MUST be used with these algorithms.
The RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5 SHA-256 digital signature is generated as follows: Generate a digital signature of the JWS Signing Input using RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5-SIGN and the SHA-256 hash function with the desired private key. This is the JWS Signature value.
The RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5 SHA-256 digital signature for a JWS is validated as follows: Submit the JWS Signing Input, the JWS Signature, and the public key corresponding to the private key used by the signer to the RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5-VERIFY algorithm using SHA-256 as the hash function.
Signing with the RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5 SHA-384 and RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5 SHA-512 algorithms is performed identically to the procedure for RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5 SHA-256 -- just using the corresponding hash algorithms instead of SHA-256.
An example using this algorithm is shown in Appendix A.2 of [JWS] (Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, “JSON Web Signature (JWS),” November 2013.).
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The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) [DSS] (National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Digital Signature Standard (DSS),” July 2013.) provides for the use of Elliptic Curve cryptography, which is able to provide equivalent security to RSA cryptography but using shorter key sizes and with greater processing speed. This means that ECDSA digital signatures will be substantially smaller in terms of length than equivalently strong RSA digital signatures.
This specification defines the use of ECDSA with the P-256 curve and the SHA-256 cryptographic hash function, ECDSA with the P-384 curve and the SHA-384 hash function, and ECDSA with the P-521 curve and the SHA-512 hash function. The P-256, P-384, and P-521 curves are defined in [DSS] (National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Digital Signature Standard (DSS),” July 2013.). The alg (algorithm) Header Parameter values ES256, ES384, and ES512 are used in the JWS Header to indicate that the JWS Signature contains a base64url encoded ECDSA P-256 SHA-256, ECDSA P-384 SHA-384, or ECDSA P-521 SHA-512 digital signature, respectively.
The ECDSA P-256 SHA-256 digital signature is generated as follows:
The ECDSA P-256 SHA-256 digital signature for a JWS is validated as follows:
Signing with the ECDSA P-384 SHA-384 and ECDSA P-521 SHA-512 algorithms is performed identically to the procedure for ECDSA P-256 SHA-256 -- just using the corresponding hash algorithms with correspondingly larger result values. For ECDSA P-384 SHA-384, R and S will be 384 bits each, resulting in a 96 octet sequence. For ECDSA P-521 SHA-512, R and S will be 521 bits each, resulting in a 132 octet sequence.
Examples using these algorithms are shown in Appendices A.3 and A.4 of [JWS] (Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, “JSON Web Signature (JWS),” November 2013.).
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This section defines the use of the RSASSA-PSS digital signature algorithm as defined in Section 8.1 of RFC 3447 (Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, “Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1,” February 2003.) [RFC3447] with the MGF1 mask generation function, always using the same hash function for both the RSASSA-PSS hash function and the MGF1 hash function. Use of SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512 as these hash functions is defined. The size of the salt value is the same size as the hash function output. All other algorithm parameters use the defaults specified in Section A.2.3 of RFC 3447. The alg (algorithm) header parameter values PS256, PS384, and PS512 are used in the JWS Header to indicate that the JWS Signature contains a base64url encoded RSASSA-PSS digital signature using the respective hash function in both roles.
A key of size 2048 bits or larger MUST be used with this algorithm.
The RSASSA-PSS SHA-256 digital signature is generated as follows: Generate a digital signature of the JWS Signing Input using RSASSA-PSS-SIGN, the SHA-256 hash function, and the MGF1 mask generation function with SHA-256 with the desired private key. This is the JWS signature value.
The RSASSA-PSS SHA-256 digital signature for a JWS is validated as follows: Submit the JWS Signing Input, the JWS Signature, and the public key corresponding to the private key used by the signer to the RSASSA-PSS-VERIFY algorithm using SHA-256 as the hash function and using MGF1 as the mask generation function with SHA-256.
Signing with the RSASSA-PSS SHA-384 and RSASSA-PSS SHA-512 algorithms is performed identically to the procedure for RSASSA-PSS SHA-256 -- just using the alternative hash algorithm in both roles.
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JWSs MAY also be created that do not provide integrity protection. Such a JWS is called a "Plaintext JWS". A Plaintext JWS MUST use the alg value none, and is formatted identically to other JWSs, but MUST use the empty octet sequence as its JWS Signature value. Receivers MUST verify that the JWS Signature value is the empty octet sequence. See Section 8.5 (Plaintext JWS Security Considerations) for security considerations associated with using this algorithm.
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JWE uses cryptographic algorithms to encrypt or determine the Content Encryption Key (CEK).
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The table below is the set of alg (algorithm) Header Parameter values that are defined by this specification for use with JWE. These algorithms are used to encrypt the CEK, producing the JWE Encrypted Key, or to use key agreement to agree upon the CEK.
alg Parameter Value | Key Management Algorithm | Additional Header Parameters | Implementation Requirements |
---|---|---|---|
RSA1_5 | RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 | (none) | Required |
RSA-OAEP | RSAES using OAEP with default parameters | (none) | Optional |
A128KW | AES Key Wrap with default initial value using 128 bit key | (none) | Recommended |
A192KW | AES Key Wrap with default initial value using 192 bit key | (none) | Optional |
A256KW | AES Key Wrap with default initial value using 256 bit key | (none) | Recommended |
dir | Direct use of a shared symmetric key as the CEK | (none) | Recommended |
ECDH-ES | Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral Static key agreement using Concat KDF | epk, apu, apv | Recommended+ |
ECDH-ES+A128KW | ECDH-ES using Concat KDF and CEK wrapped with A128KW | epk, apu, apv | Recommended |
ECDH-ES+A192KW | ECDH-ES using Concat KDF and CEK wrapped with A192KW | epk, apu, apv | Optional |
ECDH-ES+A256KW | ECDH-ES using Concat KDF and CEK wrapped with A256KW | epk, apu, apv | Recommended |
A128GCMKW | Key wrapping with AES GCM using 128 bit key | iv, tag | Optional |
A192GCMKW | Key wrapping with AES GCM using 192 bit key | iv, tag | Optional |
A256GCMKW | Key wrapping with AES GCM using 256 bit key | iv, tag | Optional |
PBES2-HS256+A128KW | PBES2 with HMAC SHA-256 and A128KW wrapping | p2s, p2c | Optional |
PBES2-HS384+A192KW | PBES2 with HMAC SHA-384 and A192KW wrapping | p2s, p2c | Optional |
PBES2-HS512+A256KW | PBES2 with HMAC SHA-512 and A256KW wrapping | p2s, p2c | Optional |
The Additional Header Parameters column indicates what additional Header Parameters are used by the algorithm, beyond alg, which all use. All but dir and ECDH-ES also produce a JWE Encrypted Key value.
The use of "+" in the Implementation Requirements indicates that the requirement strength is likely to be increased in a future version of the specification.
See Appendix A.2 (Key Management Algorithm Identifier Cross-Reference) for a table cross-referencing the JWE alg (algorithm) values defined in this specification with the equivalent identifiers used by other standards and software packages.
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This section defines the specifics of encrypting a JWE CEK with RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 [RFC3447] (Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, “Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1,” February 2003.). The alg Header Parameter value RSA1_5 is used in this case.
A key of size 2048 bits or larger MUST be used with this algorithm.
An example using this algorithm is shown in Appendix A.2 of [JWE] (Jones, M., Rescorla, E., and J. Hildebrand, “JSON Web Encryption (JWE),” November 2013.).
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This section defines the specifics of encrypting a JWE CEK with RSAES using Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP) [RFC3447] (Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, “Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1,” February 2003.), with the default parameters specified by RFC 3447 in Section A.2.1. (Those default parameters are using a hash function of SHA-1 and a mask generation function of MGF1 with SHA-1.) The alg Header Parameter value RSA-OAEP is used in this case.
A key of size 2048 bits or larger MUST be used with this algorithm.
An example using this algorithm is shown in Appendix A.1 of [JWE] (Jones, M., Rescorla, E., and J. Hildebrand, “JSON Web Encryption (JWE),” November 2013.).
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This section defines the specifics of encrypting a JWE CEK with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm [RFC3394] (Schaad, J. and R. Housley, “Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm,” September 2002.) using the default initial value specified in Section 2.2.3.1 using a 128, 192, or 256 bit key. The alg Header Parameter values A128KW, A192KW, or A256KW are respectively used in this case.
An example using this algorithm is shown in Appendix A.3 of [JWE] (Jones, M., Rescorla, E., and J. Hildebrand, “JSON Web Encryption (JWE),” November 2013.).
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This section defines the specifics of directly performing symmetric key encryption without performing a key wrapping step. In this case, the shared symmetric key is used directly as the Content Encryption Key (CEK) value for the enc algorithm. An empty octet sequence is used as the JWE Encrypted Key value. The alg Header Parameter value dir is used in this case.
Refer to the security considerations on key lifetimes in Section 8.2 (Key Lifetimes) and AES GCM in Section 8.4 (AES GCM Security Considerations) when considering utilizing direct encryption.
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This section defines the specifics of key agreement with Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral Static [RFC6090] (McGrew, D., Igoe, K., and M. Salter, “Fundamental Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithms,” February 2011.), in combination with the Concat KDF, as defined in Section 5.8.1 of [NIST.800‑56A] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key Establishment Schemes Using Discrete Logarithm Cryptography,” May 2013.). The key agreement result can be used in one of two ways:
The alg Header Parameter value ECDH-ES is used in the Direct Key Agreement mode. In this mode, the output of the Concat KDF MUST be a key of the same length as that used by the enc algorithm; in this case, the empty octet sequence is used as the JWE Encrypted Key value.
The alg Header Parameter values ECDH-ES+A128KW, ECDH-ES+A192KW, or ECDH-ES+A256KW are used in the Key Agreement with Key Wrapping mode. In this mode, the output of the Concat KDF MUST be a key of the length needed for the specified key wrapping algorithm, one of 128, 192, or 256 bits respectively.
A new ephemeral public key value MUST be generated for each key agreement operation.
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The following Header Parameter names are used for key agreement as defined below.
TOC |
The epk (ephemeral public key) value created by the originator for the use in key agreement algorithms. This key is represented as a JSON Web Key [JWK] (Jones, M., “JSON Web Key (JWK),” November 2013.) public key value. It MUST contain only public key parameters and SHOULD contain only the minimum JWK parameters necessary to represent the key; other JWK parameters included can be checked for consistency and honored or can be ignored. This Header Parameter MUST be present and MUST be understood and processed by implementations when these algorithms are used.
TOC |
The apu (agreement PartyUInfo) value for key agreement algorithms using it (such as ECDH-ES), represented as a base64url encoded string. When used, the PartyUInfo value contains information about the sender. Use of this Header Parameter is OPTIONAL. This Header Parameter MUST be understood and processed by implementations when these algorithms are used.
TOC |
The apv (agreement PartyVInfo) value for key agreement algorithms using it (such as ECDH-ES), represented as a base64url encoded string. When used, the PartyVInfo value contains information about the receiver. Use of this Header Parameter is OPTIONAL. This Header Parameter MUST be understood and processed by implementations when these algorithms are used.
TOC |
The key derivation process derives the agreed upon key from the shared secret Z established through the ECDH algorithm, per Section 6.2.2.2 of [NIST.800‑56A] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key Establishment Schemes Using Discrete Logarithm Cryptography,” May 2013.).
Key derivation is performed using the Concat KDF, as defined in Section 5.8.1 of [NIST.800‑56A] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key Establishment Schemes Using Discrete Logarithm Cryptography,” May 2013.), where the Digest Method is SHA-256. The Concat KDF parameters are set as follows:
- Z
- This is set to the representation of the shared secret Z as an octet sequence.
- keydatalen
- This is set to the number of bits in the desired output key. For ECDH-ES, this is length of the key used by the enc algorithm. For ECDH-ES+A128KW, ECDH-ES+A192KW, and ECDH-ES+A256KW, this is 128, 192, and 256, respectively.
- AlgorithmID
- The AlgorithmID value is of the form Datalen || Data, where Data is a variable-length string of zero or more octets, and Datalen is a fixed-length, big endian 32 bit counter that indicates the length (in octets) of Data. In the Direct Key Agreement case, Data is set to the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the enc Header Parameter value. In the Key Agreement with Key Wrapping case, Data is set to the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the alg Header Parameter value.
- PartyUInfo
- The PartyUInfo value is of the form Datalen || Data, where Data is a variable-length string of zero or more octets, and Datalen is a fixed-length, big endian 32 bit counter that indicates the length (in octets) of Data. If an apu (agreement PartyUInfo) Header Parameter is present, Data is set to the result of base64url decoding the apu value and Datalen is set to the number of octets in Data. Otherwise, Datalen is set to 0 and Data is set to the empty octet sequence.
- PartyVInfo
- The PartyVInfo value is of the form Datalen || Data, where Data is a variable-length string of zero or more octets, and Datalen is a fixed-length, big endian 32 bit counter that indicates the length (in octets) of Data. If an apv (agreement PartyVInfo) Header Parameter is present, Data is set to the result of base64url decoding the apv value and Datalen is set to the number of octets in Data. Otherwise, Datalen is set to 0 and Data is set to the empty octet sequence.
- SuppPubInfo
- This is set to the keydatalen represented as a 32 bit big endian integer.
- SuppPrivInfo
- This is set to the empty octet sequence.
Applications need to specify how the apu and apv parameters are used for that application. The apu and apv values MUST be distinct, when used. Applications wishing to conform to [NIST.800‑56A] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key Establishment Schemes Using Discrete Logarithm Cryptography,” May 2013.) need to provide values that meet the requirements of that document, e.g., by using values that identify the sender and recipient. Alternatively, applications MAY conduct key derivation in a manner similar to The Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method [RFC2631] (Rescorla, E., “Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method,” June 1999.): In that case, the apu field MAY either be omitted or represent a random 512-bit value (analogous to PartyAInfo in Ephemeral-Static mode in [RFC2631]) and the apv field should not be present.
See Appendix C (Example ECDH-ES Key Agreement Computation) for an example key agreement computation using this method.
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This section defines the specifics of encrypting a JWE Content Encryption Key (CEK) with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) [AES] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Advanced Encryption Standard (AES),” November 2001.) [NIST.800‑38D] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC,” December 2001.) using a 128, 192, or 256 bit key. The alg Header Parameter values A128GCMKW, A192GCMKW, or A256GCMKW are respectively used in this case.
Use of an Initialization Vector of size 96 bits is REQUIRED with this algorithm. The Initialization Vector is represented in base64url encoded form as the iv (initialization vector) Header Parameter value.
The Additional Authenticated Data value used is the empty octet string.
The requested size of the Authentication Tag output MUST be 128 bits, regardless of the key size.
The JWE Encrypted Key value is the Ciphertext output.
The Authentication Tag output is represented in base64url encoded form as the tag (authentication tag) Header Parameter value.
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The following Header Parameters are used for AES GCM key encryption.
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The iv (initialization vector) Header Parameter value is the base64url encoded representation of the Initialization Vector value used for the key encryption operation. This Header Parameter MUST be present and MUST be understood and processed by implementations when these algorithms are used.
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The tag (authentication tag) Header Parameter value is the base64url encoded representation of the Authentication Tag value resulting from the key encryption operation. This Header Parameter MUST be present and MUST be understood and processed by implementations when these algorithms are used.
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The PBES2-HS256+A128KW, PBES2-HS384+A192KW, and PBES2-HS512+A256KW composite algorithms are used to perform password-based encryption of a JWE CEK, by first deriving a key encryption key from a user-supplied password, then encrypting the JWE CEK using the derived key. These algorithms are PBES2 schemes as specified in Section 6.2 of [RFC2898] (Kaliski, B., “PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.0,” September 2000.).
These algorithms use HMAC SHA-2 algorithms as the Pseudo-Random Function (PRF) for the PBKDF2 key derivation and AES Key Wrap [RFC3394] (Schaad, J. and R. Housley, “Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm,” September 2002.) for the encryption scheme. The PBES2 password input is an octet sequence; if the password to be used is represented as a text string rather than an octet sequence, the UTF-8 encoding of the text string MUST be used as the octet sequence. The salt MUST be provided as the p2s Header Parameter value, and MUST be base64url decoded to obtain the value. The iteration count parameter MUST be provided as the p2c Header Parameter value. The algorithms respectively use HMAC SHA-256, HMAC SHA-384, and HMAC SHA-512 as the PRF and use 128, 192, and 256 bit AES Key Wrap keys. Their derived-key lengths respectively are 16, 24, and 32 octets.
See Appendix C of JSON Web Key (JWK) [JWK] (Jones, M., “JSON Web Key (JWK),” November 2013.) for an example key encryption computation using PBES2-HS256+A128KW.
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The following Header Parameters are used for Key Encryption with PBES2.
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The p2s (PBES2 salt) Header Parameter contains the PBKDF2 salt value, encoded using base64url. This Header Parameter MUST be present and MUST be understood and processed by implementations when these algorithms are used.
The salt expands the possible keys that can be derived from a given password. A salt value containing 8 or more octets MUST be used. A new salt value MUST be generated randomly for every encryption operation; see [RFC4086] (Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, “Randomness Requirements for Security,” June 2005.) for considerations on generating random values.
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The p2c (PBES2 count) Header Parameter contains the PBKDF2 iteration count, represented as a positive integer. This Header Parameter MUST be present and MUST be understood and processed by implementations when these algorithms are used.
The iteration count adds computational expense, ideally compounded by the possible range of keys introduced by the salt. A minimum iteration count of 1000 is RECOMMENDED.
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JWE uses cryptographic algorithms to encrypt the Plaintext.
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The table below is the set of enc (encryption method) Header Parameter values that are defined by this specification for use with JWE. These algorithms are used to encrypt the Plaintext, which produces the Ciphertext.
enc Parameter Value | Content Encryption Algorithm | Additional Header Parameters | Implementation Requirements |
---|---|---|---|
A128CBC-HS256 | AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 authenticated encryption algorithm, as defined in Section 5.2.3 (AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256) | (none) | Required |
A192CBC-HS384 | AES_192_CBC_HMAC_SHA_384 authenticated encryption algorithm, as defined in Section 5.2.4 (AES_192_CBC_HMAC_SHA_384) | (none) | Optional |
A256CBC-HS512 | AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_512 authenticated encryption algorithm, as defined in Section 5.2.5 (AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_512) | (none) | Required |
A128GCM | AES GCM using 128 bit key | (none) | Recommended |
A192GCM | AES GCM using 192 bit key | (none) | Optional |
A256GCM | AES GCM using 256 bit key | (none) | Recommended |
The Additional Header Parameters column indicates what additional Header Parameters are used by the algorithm, beyond enc, which all use. All also use a JWE Initialization Vector value and produce JWE Ciphertext and JWE Authentication Tag values.
See Appendix A.3 (Content Encryption Algorithm Identifier Cross-Reference) for a table cross-referencing the JWE enc (encryption method) values defined in this specification with the equivalent identifiers used by other standards and software packages.
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This section defines a family of authenticated encryption algorithms built using a composition of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode with PKCS #5 padding [AES] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Advanced Encryption Standard (AES),” November 2001.) [NIST.800‑38A] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation,” December 2001.) operations and HMAC [RFC2104] (Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, “HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication,” February 1997.) [SHS] (National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Secure Hash Standard (SHS),” October 2008.) operations. This algorithm family is called AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2. It also defines three instances of this family, the first using 128 bit CBC keys and HMAC SHA-256, the second using 192 bit CBC keys and HMAC SHA-384, and the third using 256 bit CBC keys and HMAC SHA-512. Test cases for these algorithms can be found in Appendix B (Test Cases for AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Algorithms).
These algorithms are based upon Authenticated Encryption with AES-CBC and HMAC-SHA (McGrew, D., Foley, J., and K. Paterson, “Authenticated Encryption with AES-CBC and HMAC-SHA,” July 2013.) [I‑D.mcgrew‑aead‑aes‑cbc‑hmac‑sha2], performing the same cryptographic computations, but with the Initialization Vector and Authentication Tag values remaining separate, rather than being concatenated with the Ciphertext value in the output representation. This option is discussed in Appendix B of that specification. This algorithm family is a generalization of the algorithm family in [I‑D.mcgrew‑aead‑aes‑cbc‑hmac‑sha2] (McGrew, D., Foley, J., and K. Paterson, “Authenticated Encryption with AES-CBC and HMAC-SHA,” July 2013.), and can be used to implement those algorithms.
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We use the following notational conventions.
CBC-PKCS5-ENC(X, P) denotes the AES CBC encryption of P using PKCS #5 padding using the cipher with the key X.
MAC(Y, M) denotes the application of the Message Authentication Code (MAC) to the message M, using the key Y.
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This section defines AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 in a manner that is independent of the AES CBC key size or hash function to be used. Section 5.2.2.1 (AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Encryption) and Section 5.2.2.2 (AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Decryption) define the generic encryption and decryption algorithms. Section 5.2.3 (AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256) and Section 5.2.5 (AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_512) define instances of AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 that specify those details.
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The authenticated encryption algorithm takes as input four octet strings: a secret key K, a plaintext P, associated data A, and an initialization vector IV. The authenticated ciphertext value E and the authentication tag value T are provided as outputs. The data in the plaintext are encrypted and authenticated, and the associated data are authenticated, but not encrypted.
The encryption process is as follows, or uses an equivalent set of steps:
Here we denote the number of octets in the MAC_KEY as MAC_KEY_LEN, and the number of octets in ENC_KEY as ENC_KEY_LEN; the values of these parameters are specified by the AEAD algorithms (in Section 5.2.3 (AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256) and Section 5.2.5 (AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_512)). The number of octets in the input key K is the sum of MAC_KEY_LEN and ENC_KEY_LEN. When generating the secondary keys from K, MAC_KEY and ENC_KEY MUST NOT overlap. Note that the MAC key comes before the encryption key in the input key K; this is in the opposite order of the algorithm names in the identifier "AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2".MAC_KEY consists of the initial MAC_KEY_LEN octets of K, in order.
ENC_KEY consists of the final ENC_KEY_LEN octets of K, in order.
The string MAC_KEY is used as the MAC key. We denote the output of the MAC computed in this step as M. The first T_LEN bits of M are used as T.the associated data A,
the initialization vector IV,
the ciphertext E computed in the previous step, and
the octet string AL defined above.
The encryption process can be illustrated as follows. Here K, P, A, IV, and E denote the key, plaintext, associated data, initialization vector, and ciphertext, respectively.
MAC_KEY = initial MAC_KEY_LEN bytes of K,
ENC_KEY = final ENC_KEY_LEN bytes of K,
E = CBC-PKCS5-ENC(ENC_KEY, P),
M = MAC(MAC_KEY, A || IV || E || AL),
T = initial T_LEN bytes of M.
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The authenticated decryption operation has four inputs: K, A, E, and T as defined above. It has only a single output, either a plaintext value P or a special symbol FAIL that indicates that the inputs are not authentic. The authenticated decryption algorithm is as follows, or uses an equivalent set of steps:
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This algorithm is a concrete instantiation of the generic AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 algorithm above. It uses the HMAC message authentication code [RFC2104] (Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, “HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication,” February 1997.) with the SHA-256 hash function [SHS] (National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Secure Hash Standard (SHS),” October 2008.) to provide message authentication, with the HMAC output truncated to 128 bits, corresponding to the HMAC-SHA-256-128 algorithm defined in [RFC4868] (Kelly, S. and S. Frankel, “Using HMAC-SHA-256, HMAC-SHA-384, and HMAC-SHA-512 with IPsec,” May 2007.). For encryption, it uses AES in the Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode of operation as defined in Section 6.2 of [NIST.800‑38A] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation,” December 2001.), with PKCS #5 padding.
The input key K is 32 octets long.
The AES CBC IV is 16 octets long. ENC_KEY_LEN is 16 octets.
The SHA-256 hash algorithm is used in HMAC. MAC_KEY_LEN is 16 octets. The HMAC-SHA-256 output is truncated to T_LEN=16 octets, by stripping off the final 16 octets.
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AES_192_CBC_HMAC_SHA_384 is based on AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256, but with the following differences:
A 192 bit AES CBC key is used instead of 128.
SHA-384 is used in HMAC instead of SHA-256.
ENC_KEY_LEN is 24 octets instead of 16.
MAC_KEY_LEN is 24 octets instead of 16.
The length of the input key K is 48 octets instead of 32.
The HMAC SHA-384 value is truncated to T_LEN=24 octets instead of 16.
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AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_512 is based on AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256, but with the following differences:
A 256 bit AES CBC key is used instead of 128.
SHA-512 is used in HMAC instead of SHA-256.
ENC_KEY_LEN is 32 octets instead of 16.
MAC_KEY_LEN is 32 octets instead of 16.
The length of the input key K is 64 octets instead of 32.
The HMAC SHA-512 value is truncated to T_LEN=32 octets instead of 16.
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The algorithm value A128CBC-HS256 is used as the alg value when using AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 with JWE. The algorithm value A192CBC-HS384 is used as the alg value when using AES_192_CBC_HMAC_SHA_384 with JWE. The algorithm value A256CBC-HS512 is used as the alg value when using AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_512 with JWE.
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This section defines the specifics of encrypting the JWE Plaintext with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) [AES] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Advanced Encryption Standard (AES),” November 2001.) [NIST.800‑38D] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC,” December 2001.) using a 128, 192, or 256 bit key. The enc Header Parameter values A128GCM, A192GCM, or A256GCM are respectively used in this case.
The CEK is used as the encryption key.
Use of an initialization vector of size 96 bits is REQUIRED with this algorithm.
The requested size of the Authentication Tag output MUST be 128 bits, regardless of the key size.
The JWE Authentication Tag is set to be the Authentication Tag value produced by the encryption. During decryption, the received JWE Authentication Tag is used as the Authentication Tag value.
An example using this algorithm is shown in Appendix A.1 of [JWE] (Jones, M., Rescorla, E., and J. Hildebrand, “JSON Web Encryption (JWE),” November 2013.).
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A JSON Web Key (JWK) [JWK] (Jones, M., “JSON Web Key (JWK),” November 2013.) is a JSON data structure that represents a cryptographic key. These keys can be either asymmetric or symmetric. They can hold both public and private information about the key. This section defines the parameters for keys using the algorithms specified by this document.
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The table below is the set of kty (key type) parameter values that are defined by this specification for use in JWKs.
kty Parameter Value | Key Type | Implementation Requirements |
---|---|---|
EC | Elliptic Curve [DSS] (National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Digital Signature Standard (DSS),” July 2013.) | Recommended+ |
RSA | RSA [RFC3447] (Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, “Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1,” February 2003.) | Required |
oct | Octet sequence (used to represent symmetric keys) | Required |
The use of "+" in the Implementation Requirements indicates that the requirement strength is likely to be increased in a future version of the specification.
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JWKs can represent Elliptic Curve [DSS] (National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Digital Signature Standard (DSS),” July 2013.) keys. In this case, the kty member value MUST be EC.
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An elliptic curve public key is represented by a pair of coordinates drawn from a finite field, which together define a point on an elliptic curve. The following members MUST be present for elliptic curve public keys:
SEC1 [SEC1] (Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group, “SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography,” May 2009.) point compression is not supported for any values.
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The crv (curve) member identifies the cryptographic curve used with the key. Curve values from [DSS] (National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Digital Signature Standard (DSS),” July 2013.) used by this specification are:
These values are registered in the IANA JSON Web Key Elliptic Curve registry defined in Section 7.6 (JSON Web Key Elliptic Curve Registry). Additional crv values MAY be used, provided they are understood by implementations using that Elliptic Curve key. The crv value is a case-sensitive string.
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The x (x coordinate) member contains the x coordinate for the elliptic curve point. It is represented as the base64url encoding of the octet string representation of the coordinate, as defined in Section 2.3.5 of SEC1 (Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group, “SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography,” May 2009.) [SEC1]. The length of this octet string MUST be the full size of a coordinate for the curve specified in the crv parameter. For example, if the value of crv is P-521, the octet string must be 66 octets long.
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The y (y coordinate) member contains the y coordinate for the elliptic curve point. It is represented as the base64url encoding of the octet string representation of the coordinate, as defined in Section 2.3.5 of SEC1 (Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group, “SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography,” May 2009.) [SEC1]. The length of this octet string MUST be the full size of a coordinate for the curve specified in the crv parameter. For example, if the value of crv is P-521, the octet string must be 66 octets long.
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In addition to the members used to represent Elliptic Curve public keys, the following member MUST be present to represent Elliptic Curve private keys.
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The d (ECC private key) member contains the Elliptic Curve private key value. It is represented as the base64url encoding of the octet string representation of the private key value, as defined in Sections C.4 and 2.3.7 of SEC1 (Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group, “SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography,” May 2009.) [SEC1]. The length of this octet string MUST be ceiling(log-base-2(n)/8) octets (where n is the order of the curve).
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JWKs can represent RSA [RFC3447] (Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, “Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1,” February 2003.) keys. In this case, the kty member value MUST be RSA.
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The following members MUST be present for RSA public keys.
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The n (modulus) member contains the modulus value for the RSA public key. It is represented as the base64url encoding of the value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence. The octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent the value.
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The e (exponent) member contains the exponent value for the RSA public key. It is represented as the base64url encoding of the value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence. The octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent the value. For instance, when representing the value 65537, the octet sequence to be base64url encoded MUST consist of the three octets [1, 0, 1].
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In addition to the members used to represent RSA public keys, the following members are used to represent RSA private keys. The parameter d is REQUIRED for RSA private keys. The others enable optimizations and SHOULD be included by producers of JWKs representing RSA private keys. If the producer includes any of the other private key parameters, then all of the others MUST be present, with the exception of oth, which MUST only be present when more than two prime factors were used. The consumer of a JWK MAY choose to accept an RSA private key that does not contain a complete set of the private key parameters other than d, including JWKs in which d is the only RSA private key parameter included.
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The d (private exponent) member contains the private exponent value for the RSA private key. It is represented as the base64url encoding of the value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence. The octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent the value.
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The p (first prime factor) member contains the first prime factor, a positive integer. It is represented as the base64url encoding of the value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence. The octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent the value.
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The q (second prime factor) member contains the second prime factor, a positive integer. It is represented as the base64url encoding of the value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence. The octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent the value.
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The dp (first factor CRT exponent) member contains the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) exponent of the first factor, a positive integer. It is represented as the base64url encoding of the value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence. The octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent the value.
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The dq (second factor CRT exponent) member contains the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) exponent of the second factor, a positive integer. It is represented as the base64url encoding of the value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence. The octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent the value.
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The dp (first CRT coefficient) member contains the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) coefficient of the second factor, a positive integer. It is represented as the base64url encoding of the value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence. The octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent the value.
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The oth (other primes info) member contains an array of information about any third and subsequent primes, should they exist. When only two primes have been used (the normal case), this parameter MUST be omitted. When three or more primes have been used, the number of array elements MUST be the number of primes used minus two. Each array element MUST be an object with the following members:
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The r (prime factor) parameter within an oth array member represents the value of a subsequent prime factor, a positive integer. It is represented as the base64url encoding of the value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence. The octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent the value.
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The d (Factor CRT Exponent) parameter within an oth array member represents the CRT exponent of the corresponding prime factor, a positive integer. It is represented as the base64url encoding of the value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence. The octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent the value.
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The t (factor CRT coefficient) parameter within an oth array member represents the CRT coefficient of the corresponding prime factor, a positive integer. It is represented as the base64url encoding of the value's unsigned big endian representation as an octet sequence. The octet sequence MUST utilize the minimum number of octets to represent the value.
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When the JWK kty member value is oct (octet sequence), the member k is used to represent a symmetric key (or another key whose value is a single octet sequence). An alg member SHOULD also be present to identify the algorithm intended to be used with the key, unless the application uses another means or convention to determine the algorithm used.
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The k (key value) member contains the value of the symmetric (or other single-valued) key. It is represented as the base64url encoding of the octet sequence containing the key value.
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The following registration procedure is used for all the registries established by this specification.
Values are registered with a Specification Required [RFC5226] (Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, “Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs,” May 2008.) after a two-week review period on the [TBD]@ietf.org mailing list, on the advice of one or more Designated Experts. However, to allow for the allocation of values prior to publication, the Designated Expert(s) may approve registration once they are satisfied that such a specification will be published.
Registration requests must be sent to the [TBD]@ietf.org mailing list for review and comment, with an appropriate subject (e.g., "Request for access token type: example"). [[ Note to the RFC Editor: The name of the mailing list should be determined in consultation with the IESG and IANA. Suggested name: jose-reg-review. ]]
Within the review period, the Designated Expert(s) will either approve or deny the registration request, communicating this decision to the review list and IANA. Denials should include an explanation and, if applicable, suggestions as to how to make the request successful. Registration requests that are undetermined for a period longer than 21 days can be brought to the IESG's attention (using the iesg@iesg.org mailing list) for resolution.
Criteria that should be applied by the Designated Expert(s) includes determining whether the proposed registration duplicates existing functionality, determining whether it is likely to be of general applicability or whether it is useful only for a single application, and whether the registration makes sense.
IANA must only accept registry updates from the Designated Expert(s) and should direct all requests for registration to the review mailing list.
It is suggested that multiple Designated Experts be appointed who are able to represent the perspectives of different applications using this specification, in order to enable broadly-informed review of registration decisions. In cases where a registration decision could be perceived as creating a conflict of interest for a particular Expert, that Expert should defer to the judgment of the other Expert(s).
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This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry for values of the JWS and JWE alg (algorithm) and enc (encryption method) Header Parameters. The registry records the algorithm name, the algorithm usage locations, implementation requirements, and a reference to the specification that defines it. The same algorithm name can be registered multiple times, provided that the sets of usage locations are disjoint.
It is suggested that when algorithms can use keys of different lengths, that the length of the key be included in the algorithm name. This allows readers of the JSON text to easily make security consideration decisions.
The implementation requirements of an algorithm MAY be changed over time by the Designated Experts(s) as the cryptographic landscape evolves, for instance, to change the status of an algorithm to Deprecated, or to change the status of an algorithm from Optional to Recommended+ or Required. Changes of implementation requirements are only permitted on a Specification Required basis, with the new specification defining the revised implementation requirements level.
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- Algorithm Name:
- The name requested (e.g., "example"). This name is case-sensitive. Names may not match other registered names in a case-insensitive manner unless the Designated Expert(s) state that there is a compelling reason to allow an exception in this particular case.
- Algorithm Description:
- Brief description of the Algorithm (e.g., "Example description").
- Algorithm Usage Location(s):
- The algorithm usage location. This must be one or more of the values alg or enc if the algorithm is to be used with JWS or JWE. The value JWK is used if the algorithm identifier will be used as a JWK alg member value, but will not be used with JWS or JWE; this could be the case, for instance, for non-authenticated encryption algorithms. Other values may be used with the approval of a Designated Expert.
- Implementation Requirements:
- The algorithm implementation requirements, which must be one the words Required, Recommended, Optional, Deprecated, or Prohibited. Optionally, the word can be followed by a "+" or "-". The use of "+" indicates that the requirement strength is likely to be increased in a future version of the specification. The use of "-" indicates that the requirement strength is likely to be decreased in a future version of the specification. Any identifiers registered for non-authenticated encryption algorithms or other algorithms that are otherwise unsuitable for direct use as JWS or JWE algorithms must be registered as "Prohibited".
- Change Controller:
- For Standards Track RFCs, state "IESG". For others, give the name of the responsible party. Other details (e.g., postal address, email address, home page URI) may also be included.
- Specification Document(s):
- Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter, preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of the document(s). An indication of the relevant sections may also be included but is not required.
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This specification registers the Header Parameter names defined in Section 4.6.1 (Header Parameters Used for ECDH Key Agreement), Section 4.7.1 (Header Parameters Used for AES GCM Key Encryption), and Section 4.8.1 (Header Parameters Used for PBES2 Key Encryption) in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry defined in [JWS] (Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, “JSON Web Signature (JWS),” November 2013.).
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This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Encryption Compression Algorithms registry for JWE zip member values. The registry records the compression algorithm value and a reference to the specification that defines it.
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- Compression Algorithm Value:
- The name requested (e.g., "example"). Because a core goal of this specification is for the resulting representations to be compact, it is RECOMMENDED that the name be short -- not to exceed 8 characters without a compelling reason to do so. This name is case-sensitive. Names may not match other registered names in a case-insensitive manner unless the Designated Expert(s) state that there is a compelling reason to allow an exception in this particular case.
- Compression Algorithm Description:
- Brief description of the compression algorithm (e.g., "Example description").
- Change Controller:
- For Standards Track RFCs, state "IESG". For others, give the name of the responsible party. Other details (e.g., postal address, email address, home page URI) may also be included.
- Specification Document(s):
- Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter, preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of the document(s). An indication of the relevant sections may also be included but is not required.
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This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Key Types registry for values of the JWK kty (key type) parameter. The registry records the kty value, implementation requirements, and a reference to the specification that defines it.
The implementation requirements of a key type MAY be changed over time by the Designated Experts(s) as the cryptographic landscape evolves, for instance, to change the status of a key type to Deprecated, or to change the status of a key type from Optional to Recommended+ or Required. Changes of implementation requirements are only permitted on a Specification Required basis, with the new specification defining the revised implementation requirements level.
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- "kty" Parameter Value:
- The name requested (e.g., "example"). Because a core goal of this specification is for the resulting representations to be compact, it is RECOMMENDED that the name be short -- not to exceed 8 characters without a compelling reason to do so. This name is case-sensitive. Names may not match other registered names in a case-insensitive manner unless the Designated Expert(s) state that there is a compelling reason to allow an exception in this particular case.
- Key Type Description:
- Brief description of the Key Type (e.g., "Example description").
- Change Controller:
- For Standards Track RFCs, state "IESG". For others, give the name of the responsible party. Other details (e.g., postal address, email address, home page URI) may also be included.
- Implementation Requirements:
- The key type implementation requirements, which must be one the words Required, Recommended, Optional, or Deprecated. Optionally, the word can be followed by a "+" or "-". The use of "+" indicates that the requirement strength is likely to be increased in a future version of the specification. The use of "-" indicates that the requirement strength is likely to be decreased in a future version of the specification.
- Specification Document(s):
- Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter, preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of the document(s). An indication of the relevant sections may also be included but is not required.
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This specification registers the values defined in Section 6.1 ("kty" (Key Type) Parameter Values).
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This specification registers the parameter names defined in Sections 6.2 (Parameters for Elliptic Curve Keys), 6.3 (Parameters for RSA Keys), and 6.4 (Parameters for Symmetric Keys) in the IANA JSON Web Key Parameters registry defined in [JWK] (Jones, M., “JSON Web Key (JWK),” November 2013.).
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This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Key Elliptic Curve registry for JWK crv member values. The registry records the curve name, implementation requirements, and a reference to the specification that defines it. This specification registers the parameter names defined in Section 6.2.1.1 ("crv" (Curve) Parameter).
The implementation requirements of a curve MAY be changed over time by the Designated Experts(s) as the cryptographic landscape evolves, for instance, to change the status of a curve to Deprecated, or to change the status of a curve from Optional to Recommended+ or Required. Changes of implementation requirements are only permitted on a Specification Required basis, with the new specification defining the revised implementation requirements level.
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- Curve Name:
- The name requested (e.g., "example"). Because a core goal of this specification is for the resulting representations to be compact, it is RECOMMENDED that the name be short -- not to exceed 8 characters without a compelling reason to do so. This name is case-sensitive. Names may not match other registered names in a case-insensitive manner unless the Designated Expert(s) state that there is a compelling reason to allow an exception in this particular case.
- Curve Description:
- Brief description of the curve (e.g., "Example description").
- Implementation Requirements:
- The curve implementation requirements, which must be one the words Required, Recommended, Optional, or Deprecated. Optionally, the word can be followed by a "+" or "-". The use of "+" indicates that the requirement strength is likely to be increased in a future version of the specification. The use of "-" indicates that the requirement strength is likely to be decreased in a future version of the specification.
- Change Controller:
- For Standards Track RFCs, state "IESG". For others, give the name of the responsible party. Other details (e.g., postal address, email address, home page URI) may also be included.
- Specification Document(s):
- Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter, preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of the document(s). An indication of the relevant sections may also be included but is not required.
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All of the security issues faced by any cryptographic application must be faced by a JWS/JWE/JWK agent. Among these issues are protecting the user's private and symmetric keys, preventing various attacks, and helping the user avoid mistakes such as inadvertently encrypting a message for the wrong recipient. The entire list of security considerations is beyond the scope of this document, but some significant considerations are listed here.
The security considerations in [AES] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Advanced Encryption Standard (AES),” November 2001.), [DSS] (National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Digital Signature Standard (DSS),” July 2013.), [JWE] (Jones, M., Rescorla, E., and J. Hildebrand, “JSON Web Encryption (JWE),” November 2013.), [JWK] (Jones, M., “JSON Web Key (JWK),” November 2013.), [JWS] (Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, “JSON Web Signature (JWS),” November 2013.), [NIST.800‑38A] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation,” December 2001.), [NIST.800‑38D] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC,” December 2001.), [NIST.800‑56A] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key Establishment Schemes Using Discrete Logarithm Cryptography,” May 2013.), [RFC2104] (Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, “HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication,” February 1997.), [RFC3394] (Schaad, J. and R. Housley, “Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm,” September 2002.), [RFC3447] (Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, “Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1,” February 2003.), [RFC5116] (McGrew, D., “An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated Encryption,” January 2008.), [RFC6090] (McGrew, D., Igoe, K., and M. Salter, “Fundamental Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithms,” February 2011.), and [SHS] (National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Secure Hash Standard (SHS),” October 2008.) apply to this specification.
Algorithms of matching strengths should be used together whenever possible. For instance, when AES Key Wrap is used with a given key size, using the same key size is recommended when AES GCM is also used.
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Eventually the algorithms and/or key sizes currently described in this specification will no longer be considered sufficiently secure and will be deprecated. Therefore, implementers and deployments must be prepared for this eventuality.
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Many algorithms have associated security considerations related to key lifetimes and/or the number of times that a key may be used. Those security considerations continue to apply when using those algorithms with JOSE data structures.
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While Section 8 of RFC 3447 [RFC3447] (Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, “Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1,” February 2003.) explicitly calls for people not to adopt RSASSA-PKCS-v1_5 for new applications and instead requests that people transition to RSASSA-PSS, this specification does include RSASSA-PKCS-v1_5, for interoperability reasons, because it commonly implemented.
Keys used with RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 must follow the constraints in Section 7.2 of RFC 3447 [RFC3447] (Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, “Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1,” February 2003.). In particular, keys with a low public key exponent value must not be used.
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Keys used with AES GCM must follow the constraints in Section 8.3 of [NIST.800‑38D] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC,” December 2001.), which states: "The total number of invocations of the authenticated encryption function shall not exceed 2^32, including all IV lengths and all instances of the authenticated encryption function with the given key". In accordance with this rule, AES GCM MUST NOT be used with the same key value more than 2^32 times.
An Initialization Vector value MUST never be used multiple times with the same AES GCM key. One way to prevent this is to store a counter with the key and increment it with every use. The counter can also be used to prevent exceeding the 2^32 limit above.
This security consideration does not apply to the composite AES-CBC HMAC SHA-2 or AES Key Wrap algorithms.
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Plaintext JWSs (JWSs that use the alg value none) provide no integrity protection. Thus, they must only be used in contexts where the payload is secured by means other than a digital signature or MAC value, or need not be secured.
Implementations that support plaintext JWS objects MUST NOT accept such objects as valid unless the application specifies that it is acceptable for a specific object to not be integrity-protected. Implementations MUST NOT accept plaintext JWS objects by default. For example, the "verify" method of a hypothetical JWS software library might have a Boolean "acceptUnsigned" parameter that indicates none is an acceptable alg value. As another example, the "verify" method might take a list of algorithms that are acceptable to the application as a parameter and would reject plaintext JWS values if none is not in that list.
In order to mitigate downgrade attacks, applications MUST NOT signal acceptance of plaintext JWS objects at a global level, and SHOULD signal acceptance on a per-object basis. For example, suppose an application accepts JWS objects over two channels, (1) HTTP and (2) HTTPS with client authentication. It requires a JWS signature on objects received over HTTP, but accepts plaintext JWS objects over HTTPS. If the application were to globally indicate that none is acceptable, then an attacker could provide it with an unsigned object over HTTP and still have that object successfully validate. Instead, the application needs to indicate acceptance of none for each object received over HTTPS (e.g., by setting "acceptUnsigned" to "true" for the first hypothetical JWS software library above), but not for each object received over HTTP.
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While in many cases, MACs and digital signatures can be used for integrity checking, there are some significant differences between the security properties that each of them provides. These need to be taken into consideration when designing protocols and selecting the algorithms to be used in protocols.
Both signatures and MACs provide for integrity checking -- verifying that the message has not been modified since the integrity value was computed. However, MACs provide for origination identification only under specific circumstances. It can normally be assumed that a private key used for a signature is only in the hands of a single entity (although perhaps a distributed entity, in the case of replicated servers), however a MAC key needs to be in the hands of all the entities that use it for integrity computation and checking. This means that origination can only be determined if a MAC key is known only to two entities and the receiver knows that it did not create the message. MAC validation cannot be used to prove origination to a third party.
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Receiving agents that validate signatures and sending agents that encrypt messages need to be cautious of cryptographic processing usage when validating signatures and encrypting messages using keys larger than those mandated in this specification. An attacker could send certificates with keys that would result in excessive cryptographic processing, for example, keys larger than those mandated in this specification, which could swamp the processing element. Agents that use such keys without first validating the certificate to a trust anchor are advised to have some sort of cryptographic resource management system to prevent such attacks.
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It is NOT RECOMMENDED to reuse the same key material (Key Encryption Key, Content Encryption Key, Initialization Vector, etc.) to encrypt multiple JWK or JWK Set objects, or to encrypt the same JWK or JWK Set object multiple times. One suggestion for preventing re-use is to always generate a new set key material for each encryption operation, based on the considerations noted in this document as well as from [RFC4086] (Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, “Randomness Requirements for Security,” June 2005.).
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Passwords are vulnerable to a number of attacks. To help mitigate some of these limitations, this document applies principles from [RFC2898] (Kaliski, B., “PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.0,” September 2000.) to derive cryptographic keys from user-supplied passwords.
However, the strength of the password still has a significant impact. A high-entropy password has greater resistance to dictionary attacks. [NIST‑800‑63‑1] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Electronic Authentication Guideline,” December 2011.) contains guidelines for estimating password entropy, which can help applications and users generate stronger passwords.
An ideal password is one that is as large as (or larger than) the derived key length. However, passwords larger than a certain algorithm-specific size are first hashed, which reduces an attacker's effective search space to the length of the hash algorithm. It is RECOMMENDED that a password used for PBES2-HS256+A128KW be no shorter than 16 octets and no longer than 128 octets and a password used for PBES2-HS512+A256KW be no shorter than 32 octets and no longer than 128 octets long.
Still, care needs to be taken in where and how password-based encryption is used. These algorithms can still be susceptible to dictionary-based attacks if the iteration count is too small; this is of particular concern if these algorithms are used to protect data that an attacker can have indefinite number of attempts to circumvent the protection, such as protected data stored on a file system.
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Passwords obtained from users are likely to require preparation and normalization to account for differences of octet sequences generated by different input devices, locales, etc. It is RECOMMENDED that applications to perform the steps outlined in [I‑D.melnikov‑precis‑saslprepbis] (Saint-Andre, P. and A. Melnikov, “Preparation and Comparison of Internationalized Strings Representing Simple User Names and Passwords,” September 2012.) to prepare a password supplied directly by a user before performing key derivation and encryption.
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[AES] | National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Advanced Encryption Standard (AES),” FIPS PUB 197, November 2001. |
[DSS] | National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Digital Signature Standard (DSS),” FIPS PUB 186-4, July 2013. |
[I-D.melnikov-precis-saslprepbis] | Saint-Andre, P. and A. Melnikov, “Preparation and Comparison of Internationalized Strings Representing Simple User Names and Passwords,” draft-melnikov-precis-saslprepbis-04 (work in progress), September 2012 (TXT). |
[JWE] | Jones, M., Rescorla, E., and J. Hildebrand, “JSON Web Encryption (JWE),” draft-ietf-jose-json-web-encryption (work in progress), November 2013 (HTML). |
[JWK] | Jones, M., “JSON Web Key (JWK),” draft-ietf-jose-json-web-key (work in progress), November 2013 (HTML). |
[JWS] | Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, “JSON Web Signature (JWS),” draft-ietf-jose-json-web-signature (work in progress), November 2013 (HTML). |
[NIST.800-38A] | National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation,” NIST PUB 800-38A, December 2001. |
[NIST.800-38D] | National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC,” NIST PUB 800-38D, December 2001. |
[NIST.800-56A] | National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key Establishment Schemes Using Discrete Logarithm Cryptography,” NIST Special Publication 800-56A, Revision 2, May 2013. |
[RFC2104] | Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, “HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication,” RFC 2104, February 1997 (TXT). |
[RFC2119] | Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,” BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997 (TXT, HTML, XML). |
[RFC2898] | Kaliski, B., “PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.0,” RFC 2898, September 2000 (TXT). |
[RFC3394] | Schaad, J. and R. Housley, “Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm,” RFC 3394, September 2002 (TXT). |
[RFC3629] | Yergeau, F., “UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646,” STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003 (TXT). |
[RFC4086] | Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, “Randomness Requirements for Security,” BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005 (TXT). |
[RFC4627] | Crockford, D., “The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON),” RFC 4627, July 2006 (TXT). |
[RFC4868] | Kelly, S. and S. Frankel, “Using HMAC-SHA-256, HMAC-SHA-384, and HMAC-SHA-512 with IPsec,” RFC 4868, May 2007 (TXT). |
[RFC5116] | McGrew, D., “An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated Encryption,” RFC 5116, January 2008 (TXT). |
[RFC5226] | Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, “Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs,” BCP 26, RFC 5226, May 2008 (TXT). |
[RFC6090] | McGrew, D., Igoe, K., and M. Salter, “Fundamental Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithms,” RFC 6090, February 2011 (TXT). |
[SEC1] | Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group, “SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography,” May 2009. |
[SHS] | National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Secure Hash Standard (SHS),” FIPS PUB 180-3, October 2008. |
[USASCII] | American National Standards Institute, “Coded Character Set -- 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange,” ANSI X3.4, 1986. |
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[CanvasApp] | Facebook, “Canvas Applications,” 2010. |
[I-D.mcgrew-aead-aes-cbc-hmac-sha2] | McGrew, D., Foley, J., and K. Paterson, “Authenticated Encryption with AES-CBC and HMAC-SHA,” draft-mcgrew-aead-aes-cbc-hmac-sha2-02 (work in progress), July 2013 (TXT). |
[I-D.miller-jose-jwe-protected-jwk] | Miller, M., “Using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Web Encryption (JWE) for Protecting JSON Web Key (JWK) Objects,” draft-miller-jose-jwe-protected-jwk-02 (work in progress), June 2013 (TXT). |
[I-D.rescorla-jsms] | Rescorla, E. and J. Hildebrand, “JavaScript Message Security Format,” draft-rescorla-jsms-00 (work in progress), March 2011 (TXT). |
[JCA] | Oracle, “Java Cryptography Architecture,” 2013. |
[JSE] | Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura (editor), “JSON Simple Encryption,” September 2010. |
[JSS] | Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura (editor), “JSON Simple Sign,” September 2010. |
[MagicSignatures] | Panzer (editor), J., Laurie, B., and D. Balfanz, “Magic Signatures,” January 2011. |
[NIST-800-63-1] | National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Electronic Authentication Guideline,” NIST 800-63-1, December 2011. |
[RFC2631] | Rescorla, E., “Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method,” RFC 2631, June 1999 (TXT). |
[RFC3275] | Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., and D. Solo, “(Extensible Markup Language) XML-Signature Syntax and Processing,” RFC 3275, March 2002 (TXT). |
[RFC3447] | Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, “Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1,” RFC 3447, February 2003 (TXT). |
[W3C.CR-xmldsig-core2-20120124] | Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., Yiu, K., Solo, D., Datta, P., Hirsch, F., Cantor, S., and T. Roessler, “XML Signature Syntax and Processing Version 2.0,” World Wide Web Consortium CR CR-xmldsig-core2-20120124, January 2012 (HTML). |
[W3C.CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313] | Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., Roessler, T., and F. Hirsch, “XML Encryption Syntax and Processing Version 1.1,” World Wide Web Consortium CR CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313, March 2012 (HTML). |
[W3C.REC-xmlenc-core-20021210] | Eastlake, D. and J. Reagle, “XML Encryption Syntax and Processing,” World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation REC-xmlenc-core-20021210, December 2002 (HTML). |
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This appendix contains tables cross-referencing the cryptographic algorithm identifier values defined in this specification with the equivalent identifiers used by other standards and software packages. See XML DSIG (Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., and D. Solo, “(Extensible Markup Language) XML-Signature Syntax and Processing,” March 2002.) [RFC3275], XML DSIG 2.0 (Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., Yiu, K., Solo, D., Datta, P., Hirsch, F., Cantor, S., and T. Roessler, “XML Signature Syntax and Processing Version 2.0,” January 2012.) [W3C.CR‑xmldsig‑core2‑20120124], XML Encryption (Eastlake, D. and J. Reagle, “XML Encryption Syntax and Processing,” December 2002.) [W3C.REC‑xmlenc‑core‑20021210], XML Encryption 1.1 (Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., Roessler, T., and F. Hirsch, “XML Encryption Syntax and Processing Version 1.1,” March 2012.) [W3C.CR‑xmlenc‑core1‑20120313], and Java Cryptography Architecture (Oracle, “Java Cryptography Architecture,” 2013.) [JCA] for more information about the names defined by those documents.
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This section contains a table cross-referencing the JWS digital signature and MAC alg (algorithm) values defined in this specification with the equivalent identifiers used by other standards and software packages.
JWS | XML DSIG | JCA | OID |
---|---|---|---|
HS256 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#hmac-sha256 | HmacSHA256 | 1.2.840.113549.2.9 |
HS384 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#hmac-sha384 | HmacSHA384 | 1.2.840.113549.2.10 |
HS512 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#hmac-sha512 | HmacSHA512 | 1.2.840.113549.2.11 |
RS256 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#rsa-sha256 | SHA256withRSA | 1.2.840.113549.1.1.11 |
RS384 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#rsa-sha384 | SHA384withRSA | 1.2.840.113549.1.1.12 |
RS512 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#rsa-sha512 | SHA512withRSA | 1.2.840.113549.1.1.13 |
ES256 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#ecdsa-sha256 | SHA256withECDSA | 1.2.840.10045.4.3.2 |
ES384 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#ecdsa-sha384 | SHA384withECDSA | 1.2.840.10045.4.3.3 |
ES512 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#ecdsa-sha512 | SHA512withECDSA | 1.2.840.10045.4.3.4 |
PS256 | http://www.w3.org/2007/05/xmldsig-more#sha256-rsa-MGF1 | SHA256withRSAandMGF1 | 1.2.840.113549.1.1.10 |
PS384 | http://www.w3.org/2007/05/xmldsig-more#sha384-rsa-MGF1 | SHA384withRSAandMGF1 | 1.2.840.113549.1.1.10 |
PS512 | http://www.w3.org/2007/05/xmldsig-more#sha512-rsa-MGF1 | SHA512withRSAandMGF1 | 1.2.840.113549.1.1.10 |
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This section contains a table cross-referencing the JWE alg (algorithm) values defined in this specification with the equivalent identifiers used by other standards and software packages.
JWE | XML ENC | JCA | OID |
---|---|---|---|
RSA1_5 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#rsa-1_5 | RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding | 1.2.840.113549.1.1.1 |
RSA-OAEP | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#rsa-oaep-mgf1p | RSA/ECB/OAEPWithSHA-1AndMGF1Padding | 1.2.840.113549.1.1.7 |
ECDH-ES | http://www.w3.org/2009/xmlenc11#ECDH-ES | 1.3.132.1.12 | |
A128KW | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#kw-aes128 | 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.1.5 | |
A192KW | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#kw-aes192 | 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.1.25 | |
A256KW | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#kw-aes256 | 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.1.45 |
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This section contains a table cross-referencing the JWE enc (encryption method) values defined in this specification with the equivalent identifiers used by other standards and software packages.
For the composite algorithms A128CBC-HS256, A192CBC-HS384, and A256CBC-HS512, the corresponding AES CBC algorithm identifiers are listed.
JWE | XML ENC | JCA | OID |
---|---|---|---|
A128CBC-HS256 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#aes128-cbc | AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding | 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.1.2 |
A192CBC-HS384 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#aes192-cbc | AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding | 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.1.22 |
A256CBC-HS512 | http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#aes256-cbc | AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding | 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.1.42 |
A128GCM | http://www.w3.org/2009/xmlenc11#aes128-gcm | AES/GCM/NoPadding | 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.1.6 |
A192GCM | http://www.w3.org/2009/xmlenc11#aes192-gcm | AES/GCM/NoPadding | 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.1.26 |
A256GCM | http://www.w3.org/2009/xmlenc11#aes256-gcm | AES/GCM/NoPadding | 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.1.46 |
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The following test cases can be used to validate implementations of the AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 algorithms defined in Section 5.2 (AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Algorithms). They are also intended to correspond to test cases that may appear in a future version of [I‑D.mcgrew‑aead‑aes‑cbc‑hmac‑sha2] (McGrew, D., Foley, J., and K. Paterson, “Authenticated Encryption with AES-CBC and HMAC-SHA,” July 2013.), demonstrating that the cryptographic computations performed are the same.
The variable names are those defined in Section 5.2 (AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 Algorithms). All values are hexadecimal.
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AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 K = 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f MAC_KEY = 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f ENC_KEY = 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f P = 41 20 63 69 70 68 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 75 73 74 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 73 65 63 72 65 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 74 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 66 61 6c 6c 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 68 61 6e 64 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 65 6d 79 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 69 6e 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 6e 63 65 IV = 1a f3 8c 2d c2 b9 6f fd d8 66 94 09 23 41 bc 04 A = 54 68 65 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 70 72 69 6e 63 69 70 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 41 75 67 75 73 74 65 20 4b 65 72 63 6b 68 6f 66 66 73 AL = 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 50 E = c8 0e df a3 2d df 39 d5 ef 00 c0 b4 68 83 42 79 a2 e4 6a 1b 80 49 f7 92 f7 6b fe 54 b9 03 a9 c9 a9 4a c9 b4 7a d2 65 5c 5f 10 f9 ae f7 14 27 e2 fc 6f 9b 3f 39 9a 22 14 89 f1 63 62 c7 03 23 36 09 d4 5a c6 98 64 e3 32 1c f8 29 35 ac 40 96 c8 6e 13 33 14 c5 40 19 e8 ca 79 80 df a4 b9 cf 1b 38 4c 48 6f 3a 54 c5 10 78 15 8e e5 d7 9d e5 9f bd 34 d8 48 b3 d6 95 50 a6 76 46 34 44 27 ad e5 4b 88 51 ff b5 98 f7 f8 00 74 b9 47 3c 82 e2 db M = 65 2c 3f a3 6b 0a 7c 5b 32 19 fa b3 a3 0b c1 c4 e6 e5 45 82 47 65 15 f0 ad 9f 75 a2 b7 1c 73 ef T = 65 2c 3f a3 6b 0a 7c 5b 32 19 fa b3 a3 0b c1 c4
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K = 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f MAC_KEY = 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ENC_KEY = 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f P = 41 20 63 69 70 68 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 75 73 74 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 73 65 63 72 65 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 74 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 66 61 6c 6c 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 68 61 6e 64 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 65 6d 79 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 69 6e 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 6e 63 65 IV = 1a f3 8c 2d c2 b9 6f fd d8 66 94 09 23 41 bc 04 A = 54 68 65 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 70 72 69 6e 63 69 70 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 41 75 67 75 73 74 65 20 4b 65 72 63 6b 68 6f 66 66 73 AL = 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 50 E = ea 65 da 6b 59 e6 1e db 41 9b e6 2d 19 71 2a e5 d3 03 ee b5 00 52 d0 df d6 69 7f 77 22 4c 8e db 00 0d 27 9b dc 14 c1 07 26 54 bd 30 94 42 30 c6 57 be d4 ca 0c 9f 4a 84 66 f2 2b 22 6d 17 46 21 4b f8 cf c2 40 0a dd 9f 51 26 e4 79 66 3f c9 0b 3b ed 78 7a 2f 0f fc bf 39 04 be 2a 64 1d 5c 21 05 bf e5 91 ba e2 3b 1d 74 49 e5 32 ee f6 0a 9a c8 bb 6c 6b 01 d3 5d 49 78 7b cd 57 ef 48 49 27 f2 80 ad c9 1a c0 c4 e7 9c 7b 11 ef c6 00 54 e3 M = 84 90 ac 0e 58 94 9b fe 51 87 5d 73 3f 93 ac 20 75 16 80 39 cc c7 33 d7 45 94 f8 86 b3 fa af d4 86 f2 5c 71 31 e3 28 1e 36 c7 a2 d1 30 af de 57 T = 84 90 ac 0e 58 94 9b fe 51 87 5d 73 3f 93 ac 20 75 16 80 39 cc c7 33 d7
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K = 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f MAC_KEY = 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f ENC_KEY = 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f P = 41 20 63 69 70 68 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 75 73 74 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 73 65 63 72 65 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 74 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 66 61 6c 6c 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 68 61 6e 64 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 65 6d 79 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 69 6e 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 6e 63 65 IV = 1a f3 8c 2d c2 b9 6f fd d8 66 94 09 23 41 bc 04 A = 54 68 65 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 70 72 69 6e 63 69 70 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 41 75 67 75 73 74 65 20 4b 65 72 63 6b 68 6f 66 66 73 AL = 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 50 E = 4a ff aa ad b7 8c 31 c5 da 4b 1b 59 0d 10 ff bd 3d d8 d5 d3 02 42 35 26 91 2d a0 37 ec bc c7 bd 82 2c 30 1d d6 7c 37 3b cc b5 84 ad 3e 92 79 c2 e6 d1 2a 13 74 b7 7f 07 75 53 df 82 94 10 44 6b 36 eb d9 70 66 29 6a e6 42 7e a7 5c 2e 08 46 a1 1a 09 cc f5 37 0d c8 0b fe cb ad 28 c7 3f 09 b3 a3 b7 5e 66 2a 25 94 41 0a e4 96 b2 e2 e6 60 9e 31 e6 e0 2c c8 37 f0 53 d2 1f 37 ff 4f 51 95 0b be 26 38 d0 9d d7 a4 93 09 30 80 6d 07 03 b1 f6 M = 4d d3 b4 c0 88 a7 f4 5c 21 68 39 64 5b 20 12 bf 2e 62 69 a8 c5 6a 81 6d bc 1b 26 77 61 95 5b c5 fd 30 a5 65 c6 16 ff b2 f3 64 ba ec e6 8f c4 07 53 bc fc 02 5d de 36 93 75 4a a1 f5 c3 37 3b 9c T = 4d d3 b4 c0 88 a7 f4 5c 21 68 39 64 5b 20 12 bf 2e 62 69 a8 c5 6a 81 6d bc 1b 26 77 61 95 5b c5
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This example uses ECDH-ES Key Agreement and the Concat KDF to derive the Content Encryption Key (CEK) in the manner described in Section 4.6 (Key Agreement with Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral Static (ECDH-ES)). In this example, the ECDH-ES Direct Key Agreement mode (alg value ECDH-ES) is used to produce an agreed upon key for AES GCM with a 128 bit key (enc value A128GCM).
In this example, a sender Alice is encrypting content to a recipient Bob. The sender (Alice) generates an ephemeral key for the key agreement computation. Alice's ephemeral key (in JWK format) used for the key agreement computation in this example (including the private part) is:
{"kty":"EC", "crv":"P-256", "x":"gI0GAILBdu7T53akrFmMyGcsF3n5dO7MmwNBHKW5SV0", "y":"SLW_xSffzlPWrHEVI30DHM_4egVwt3NQqeUD7nMFpps", "d":"0_NxaRPUMQoAJt50Gz8YiTr8gRTwyEaCumd-MToTmIo" }
The recipient's (Bob's) key (in JWK format) used for the key agreement computation in this example (including the private part) is:
{"kty":"EC", "crv":"P-256", "x":"weNJy2HscCSM6AEDTDg04biOvhFhyyWvOHQfeF_PxMQ", "y":"e8lnCO-AlStT-NJVX-crhB7QRYhiix03illJOVAOyck", "d":"VEmDZpDXXK8p8N0Cndsxs924q6nS1RXFASRl6BfUqdw" }
Header Parameter values used in this example are as follows. In this example, the apu (agreement PartyUInfo) parameter value is the base64url encoding of the UTF-8 string "Alice" and the apv (agreement PartyVInfo) parameter value is the base64url encoding of the UTF-8 string "Bob". The epk parameter is used to communicate the sender's (Alice's) ephemeral public key value to the recipient (Bob).
{"alg":"ECDH-ES", "enc":"A128GCM", "apu":"QWxpY2U", "apv":"Qm9i", "epk": {"kty":"EC", "crv":"P-256", "x":"gI0GAILBdu7T53akrFmMyGcsF3n5dO7MmwNBHKW5SV0", "y":"SLW_xSffzlPWrHEVI30DHM_4egVwt3NQqeUD7nMFpps" } }
The resulting Concat KDF [NIST.800‑56A] (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key Establishment Schemes Using Discrete Logarithm Cryptography,” May 2013.) parameter values are:
- Z
- This is set to the ECDH-ES key agreement output. (This value is often not directly exposed by libraries, due to NIST security requirements, and only serves as an input to a KDF.) In this example, Z is the octet sequence: [158, 86, 217, 29, 129, 113, 53, 211, 114, 131, 66, 131, 191, 132, 38, 156, 251, 49, 110, 163, 218, 128, 106, 72, 246, 218, 167, 121, 140, 254, 144, 196].
- keydatalen
- This value is 128 - the number of bits in the desired output key (because A128GCM uses a 128 bit key).
- AlgorithmID
- This is set to the octets representing the 32 bit big endian value 7 - [0, 0, 0, 7] - the number of octets in the AlgorithmID content "A128GCM", followed, by the octets representing the UTF-8 string "A128GCM" - [65, 49, 50, 56, 71, 67, 77].
- PartyUInfo
- This is set to the octets representing the 32 bit big endian value 5 - [0, 0, 0, 5] - the number of octets in the PartyUInfo content "Alice", followed, by the octets representing the UTF-8 string "Alice" - [65, 108, 105, 99, 101].
- PartyVInfo
- This is set to the octets representing the 32 bit big endian value 3 - [0, 0, 0, 3] - the number of octets in the PartyUInfo content "Bob", followed, by the octets representing the UTF-8 string "Bob" - [66, 111, 98].
- SuppPubInfo
- This is set to the octets representing the 32 bit big endian value 128 - [0, 0, 0, 128] - the keydatalen value.
- SuppPrivInfo
- This is set to the empty octet sequence.
Concatenating the parameters AlgorithmID through SuppPubInfo results in
an OtherInfo value of:
[0, 0, 0, 7, 65, 49, 50, 56, 71, 67, 77, 0, 0, 0, 5, 65, 108, 105, 99, 101, 0, 0, 0, 3, 66, 111, 98, 0, 0, 0, 128]
Concatenating the round number 1 ([0, 0, 0, 1]), Z,
and the OtherInfo value results in the Concat KDF round 1 hash input of:
[0, 0, 0, 1,
158, 86, 217, 29, 129, 113, 53, 211, 114, 131, 66, 131, 191, 132, 38, 156, 251, 49, 110, 163, 218, 128, 106, 72, 246, 218, 167, 121, 140, 254, 144, 196,
0, 0, 0, 7, 65, 49, 50, 56, 71, 67, 77, 0, 0, 0, 5, 65, 108, 105, 99, 101, 0, 0, 0, 3, 66, 111, 98, 0, 0, 0, 128]
The resulting derived key, which is the first 128 bits of the round 1 hash output is:
[86, 170, 141, 234, 248, 35, 109, 32, 92, 34, 40, 205, 113, 167, 16, 26]
The base64url encoded representation of this derived key is:
VqqN6vgjbSBcIijNcacQGg
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Solutions for signing and encrypting JSON content were previously explored by Magic Signatures (Panzer (editor), J., Laurie, B., and D. Balfanz, “Magic Signatures,” January 2011.) [MagicSignatures], JSON Simple Sign (Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura (editor), “JSON Simple Sign,” September 2010.) [JSS], Canvas Applications (Facebook, “Canvas Applications,” 2010.) [CanvasApp], JSON Simple Encryption (Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura (editor), “JSON Simple Encryption,” September 2010.) [JSE], and JavaScript Message Security Format (Rescorla, E. and J. Hildebrand, “JavaScript Message Security Format,” March 2011.) [I‑D.rescorla‑jsms], all of which influenced this draft.
The Authenticated Encryption with AES-CBC and HMAC-SHA (McGrew, D., Foley, J., and K. Paterson, “Authenticated Encryption with AES-CBC and HMAC-SHA,” July 2013.) [I‑D.mcgrew‑aead‑aes‑cbc‑hmac‑sha2] specification, upon which the AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 algorithms are based, was written by David A. McGrew and Kenny Paterson. The test cases for AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 are based upon those for [I‑D.mcgrew‑aead‑aes‑cbc‑hmac‑sha2] (McGrew, D., Foley, J., and K. Paterson, “Authenticated Encryption with AES-CBC and HMAC-SHA,” July 2013.) by John Foley.
Matt Miller wrote Using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Web Encryption (JWE) for Protecting JSON Web Key (JWK) Objects (Miller, M., “Using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Web Encryption (JWE) for Protecting JSON Web Key (JWK) Objects,” June 2013.) [I‑D.miller‑jose‑jwe‑protected‑jwk], which the password-based encryption content of this draft is based upon.
This specification is the work of the JOSE Working Group, which includes dozens of active and dedicated participants. In particular, the following individuals contributed ideas, feedback, and wording that influenced this specification:
Dirk Balfanz, Richard Barnes, John Bradley, Brian Campbell, Breno de Medeiros, Vladimir Dzhuvinov, Yaron Y. Goland, Dick Hardt, Jeff Hodges, Edmund Jay, James Manger, Matt Miller, Tony Nadalin, Axel Nennker, John Panzer, Emmanuel Raviart, Nat Sakimura, Jim Schaad, Hannes Tschofenig, and Sean Turner.
Jim Schaad and Karen O'Donoghue chaired the JOSE working group and Sean Turner and Stephen Farrell served as Security area directors during the creation of this specification.
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[[ to be removed by the RFC Editor before publication as an RFC ]]
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Michael B. Jones | |
Microsoft | |
Email: | mbj@microsoft.com |
URI: | http://self-issued.info/ |