JSON Web Encryption (JWE)Microsoftmbj@microsoft.comhttp://self-issued.info/RTFM, Inc.ekr@rtfm.comCisco Systems, Inc.jhildebr@cisco.com
Security
JOSE Working GroupRFCRequest for CommentsI-DInternet-DraftJavaScript Object NotationJSONJSON Web TokenJWTJSON Web SignatureJWSJSON Web EncryptionJWEJSON Web KeyJWKJSON Web AlgorithmsJWA
JSON Web Encryption (JWE) is a means of representing encrypted
content using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) data structures.
Cryptographic algorithms and identifiers for use with this
specification are described in the separate
JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification.
Related digital signature and MAC capabilities are described
in the separate JSON Web Signature (JWS) specification.
JSON Web Encryption (JWE) is a compact encryption format
intended for space constrained environments such as HTTP
Authorization headers and URI query parameters.
It represents this content using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
based data structures.
The JWE cryptographic mechanisms encrypt and provide integrity protection for
arbitrary sequences of bytes.
Cryptographic algorithms and identifiers for use with this
specification are described in the separate
JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification.
Related digital signature and MAC capabilities are described
in the separate JSON Web Signature (JWS)
specification.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL",
"SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY",
and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as
described in
Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels .
A data structure representing an encrypted message.
The structure consists of five parts:
the JWE Header, the JWE Encrypted Key,
the JWE Initialization Vector, the JWE Ciphertext, and
the JWE Integrity Value.
The bytes to be encrypted -- a.k.a., the message.
The plaintext can contain an arbitrary sequence of bytes.
An encrypted representation of the Plaintext.
A symmetric key used to encrypt the Plaintext for the
recipient to produce the Ciphertext.
A key used with a MAC function to ensure the integrity
of the Ciphertext and the parameters used to create it.
A key from which the CEK and CIK are derived.
When key wrapping or key encryption are employed, the CMK
is randomly generated and encrypted to the recipient as
the JWE Encrypted Key.
When direct encryption with a shared symmetric key is employed,
the CMK is the shared key.
When key agreement without key wrapping is employed,
the CMK is the result of the key agreement algorithm.
A string representing a JSON object that describes the
encryption operations applied to create the JWE Encrypted
Key, the JWE Ciphertext, and the JWE Integrity Value.
When key wrapping or key encryption are employed,
the Content Master Key (CMK) is encrypted with the
intended recipient's key and the resulting encrypted
content is recorded as a byte array, which is referred to
as the JWE Encrypted Key.
Otherwise, when direct encryption with a shared or
agreed upon symmetric key is employed,
the JWE Encrypted Key is the empty byte array.
A byte array containing the Initialization Vector used
when encrypting the Plaintext.
A byte array containing the Ciphertext.
A byte array containing a MAC value that ensures the
integrity of the Ciphertext and the parameters used to
create it.
The URL- and filename-safe Base64 encoding
described in RFC 4648,
Section 5, with the (non URL-safe) '=' padding characters
omitted, as permitted by Section 3.2. (See Appendix C of
for notes on implementing base64url
encoding without padding.)
Base64url encoding of the bytes of the
UTF-8
representation of the JWE Header.
Base64url encoding of the JWE Encrypted Key.
Base64url encoding of the JWE Initialization Vector.
Base64url encoding of the JWE Ciphertext.
Base64url encoding of the JWE Integrity Value.
The name of a member of the JSON object representing a
JWE Header.
The value of a member of the JSON object representing a
JWE Header.
A representation of the JWE as the concatenation of
the Encoded JWE Header,
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key,
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector,
the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and
the Encoded JWE Integrity Value
in that order, with the five strings being separated
by four period ('.') characters.
An Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD)
encryption algorithm is one that
provides an integrated content integrity check.
AEAD encryption algorithms accept two inputs, the plaintext and the
"additional authenticated data" value, and produce two outputs,
the ciphertext and the "authentication tag" value.
AES Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) is one such algorithm.
A namespace that allows names to be allocated in a manner
such that they are highly unlikely to collide with other names.
For instance, collision resistance can be achieved through
administrative delegation of portions of the namespace or
through use of collision-resistant name allocation functions.
Examples of Collision Resistant Namespaces include:
Domain Names,
Object Identifiers (OIDs) as defined in the ITU-T X.660
and X.670 Recommendation series, and
Universally Unique IDentifiers (UUIDs)
.
When using an administratively delegated namespace,
the definer of a name needs to take
reasonable precautions to ensure they are in control of
the portion of the namespace they use to define the name.
A JSON string value, with the additional requirement that
while arbitrary string values MAY be used, any value
containing a ":" character MUST be a URI
.
StringOrURI values are compared as case-sensitive strings
with no transformations or canonicalizations applied.
JWE represents encrypted content using JSON data
structures and base64url encoding. The representation
consists of five parts:
the JWE Header,
the JWE Encrypted Key,
the JWE Initialization Vector,
the JWE Ciphertext, and
the JWE Integrity Value.
In the Compact Serialization, the five parts are
base64url-encoded for transmission, and represented
as the concatenation of the encoded strings in that order,
with the five strings being separated by four period ('.') characters.
(A JSON Serialization for this information is defined in the separate
JSON Web Encryption JSON Serialization (JWE-JS)
specification.)
JWE utilizes encryption to ensure the confidentiality
of the Plaintext. JWE adds a content
integrity check if not provided by the underlying encryption
algorithm.
This example encrypts the plaintext
"Live long and prosper."
to the recipient using RSAES OAEP and AES GCM.
The AES GCM algorithm has an integrated integrity check.
The following example JWE Header declares that:
the Content Master Key is encrypted to the recipient
using the RSAES OAEP algorithm to produce the JWE
Encrypted Key and
the Plaintext is encrypted using the AES GCM
algorithm with a 256 bit key to produce the Ciphertext.
Base64url encoding the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of
the JWE Header yields this Encoded JWE Header value:
The remaining steps to finish creating this JWE are:
Generate a random Content Master Key (CMK)
Encrypt the CMK with the recipient's public key using the RSAES OAEP
algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key
Base64url encode the JWE Encrypted Key to produce the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key
Generate a random JWE Initialization Vector
Base64url encode the JWE Initialization Vector to produce the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector
Concatenate
the Encoded JWE Header value, a period character ('.'),
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, a second period character ('.'), and
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector
to create the "additional authenticated data"
parameter for the AES GCM algorithm
Encrypt the Plaintext with AES GCM, using the CMK as the encryption key,
the JWE Initialization Vector,
and the "additional authenticated data" value above,
requesting a 128 bit "authentication tag" output
Base64url encode the resulting Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE Ciphertext
Base64url encode the resulting "authentication tag" to create the Encoded JWE Integrity Value
Assemble the final representation:
The Compact Serialization of this result is the
concatenation of
the Encoded JWE Header,
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key,
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector,
the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and
the Encoded JWE Integrity Value
in that order, with the five strings
being separated by four period ('.') characters.
The final result in this example
(with line breaks for display purposes only) is:
See for the complete details of computing this JWE.
This example encrypts the plaintext
"No matter where you go, there you are."
to the recipient using RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 and AES CBC.
AES CBC does not have an integrated integrity check,
so a separate integrity check calculation is performed using HMAC SHA-256,
with separate encryption and integrity keys being derived from a master key
using the Concat KDF with the SHA-256 digest function.
The following example JWE Header (with line breaks for display purposes only) declares that:
the Content Master Key is encrypted to the recipient
using the RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 algorithm to produce the JWE
Encrypted Key and
the Plaintext is encrypted using the AES CBC
algorithm with a 128 bit key to produce the Ciphertext,
with the integrity of the
Ciphertext and the parameters used to create it being
secured using the HMAC SHA-256 algorithm.
Base64url encoding the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of
the JWE Header yields this Encoded JWE Header value:
The remaining steps to finish creating this JWE are like the previous example,
but with an additional step to compute the separate integrity value:
Generate a random Content Master Key (CMK)
Encrypt the CMK with the recipient's public key using the RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5
algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key
Base64url encode the JWE Encrypted Key to produce the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key
Generate a random JWE Initialization Vector
Base64url encode the JWE Initialization Vector to produce the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector
Use the Concat key derivation function
to derive Content Encryption Key (CEK)
and Content Integrity Key (CIK) values from the CMK
Encrypt the Plaintext with AES CBC using
the CEK and JWE Initialization Vector to produce the Ciphertext
Base64url encode the resulting Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE Ciphertext
Concatenate
the Encoded JWE Header value, a period character ('.'),
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, a second period character ('.'),
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, a third period ('.') character, and
the Encoded JWE Ciphertext
to create the value to integrity protect
Compute the HMAC SHA-256 of this value using the CIK to create the JWE Integrity Value
Base64url encode the resulting JWE Integrity Value to create the Encoded JWE Integrity Value
Assemble the final representation:
The Compact Serialization of this result is the
concatenation of
the Encoded JWE Header,
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key,
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector,
the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and
the Encoded JWE Integrity Value
in that order, with the five strings
being separated by four period ('.') characters.
The final result in this example
(with line breaks for display purposes only) is:
See for the complete details of computing this JWE.
The members of the JSON object represented by the JWE Header
describe the encryption applied to the Plaintext and optionally
additional properties of the JWE.
The Header Parameter Names within this object MUST be unique;
JWEs with duplicate Header Parameter Names MUST be rejected.
Implementations MUST understand the entire contents of the
header; otherwise, the JWE MUST be rejected.
There are two ways of distinguishing whether a header is a
JWS Header or a JWE Header.
The first is by examining the alg
(algorithm) header value.
If the value represents a digital signature or MAC algorithm,
or is the value none, it is for a JWS;
if it represents an encryption or key agreement algorithm, it is for a JWE.
A second method is determining whether an
enc (encryption method) member exists.
If the enc member exists, it is a JWE;
otherwise, it is a JWS.
Both methods will yield the same result for all legal input values.
There are three classes of Header Parameter Names:
Reserved Header Parameter Names, Public Header Parameter Names,
and Private Header Parameter Names.
The following header parameter names are reserved
with meanings as defined below. All the
names are short because a core goal of JWE is for the
representations to be compact.
Additional reserved header parameter names MAY be defined
via the IANA
JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry
.
As indicated by the common registry, JWSs and JWEs share a
common header parameter space; when a parameter is used by
both specifications, its usage must be compatible
between the specifications.
The alg (algorithm) header
parameter identifies the cryptographic algorithm used to
encrypt or determine the value of the Content Master Key (CMK).
The algorithm specified by the alg value
MUST be supported by the implementation
and there MUST be a key for use with that algorithm associated with the
intended recipient
or the JWE MUST be rejected.
alg values SHOULD either be
registered in the IANA
JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry
or be
a URI that contains a Collision Resistant Namespace.
The alg value is a case sensitive string
containing a StringOrURI value.
This header parameter is REQUIRED.
A list of defined alg values can be found
in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry
;
the initial contents of this registry are the values defined in
Section 4.1 of the
JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification.
The enc (encryption method)
header parameter identifies the block
encryption algorithm used to encrypt the Plaintext to produce the Ciphertext.
This algorithm MUST be an AEAD algorithm with a specified key length.
The algorithm specified by the enc value
MUST be supported by the implementation
or the JWE MUST be rejected.
enc values SHOULD either be
registered in the IANA
JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry
or be
a URI that contains a Collision Resistant Namespace.
The enc value is a case sensitive string
containing a StringOrURI value.
This header parameter is REQUIRED.
A list of defined enc values can be found
in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry
;
the initial contents of this registry are the values defined in
Section 4.2 of the
JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification.
The epk (ephemeral public key)
value created by the originator for the use in key agreement algorithms.
This key is represented as a JSON Web Key value.
This header parameter is OPTIONAL, although its use is
REQUIRED with some alg algorithms.
The zip (compression algorithm)
applied to the Plaintext before encryption, if any.
If present, the value of the zip
header parameter MUST be the case sensitive string "DEF".
Compression is performed with the
DEFLATE algorithm.
If no zip parameter is present,
no compression is applied to the Plaintext before encryption.
This header parameter is OPTIONAL.
The jku (JWK Set URL)
header parameter is a URI that refers to a
resource for a set of JSON-encoded public keys, one of
which corresponds to the key used to
encrypt the JWE; this can be used to determine the private key needed to decrypt the JWE.
The keys MUST be encoded as a JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set) .
The protocol used to acquire the resource MUST provide
integrity protection; an HTTP GET request to retrieve the
certificate MUST use TLS ;
the identity of the server MUST be validated, as per
Section 3.1 of HTTP Over TLS .
This header parameter is OPTIONAL.
The jwk (JSON Web Key)
header parameter is a public key that corresponds to the key used to
encrypt the JWE; this can be used to determine the private key needed to decrypt the JWE.
This key is represented as a JSON Web Key .
This header parameter is OPTIONAL.
The x5u (X.509 URL) header
parameter is a URI that refers to a resource for
the X.509 public key certificate or certificate chain
corresponding to the key used to
encrypt the JWE; this can be used to determine the private key needed to decrypt the JWE.
The identified resource MUST provide a representation of
the certificate or certificate chain that conforms to
RFC 5280 in PEM encoded form
.
The certificate containing the public key of the entity
that encrypted the JWE MUST be the first certificate. This
MAY be followed by additional certificates, with each
subsequent certificate being the one used to certify the
previous one.
The protocol used to acquire the resource MUST provide
integrity protection; an HTTP GET request to retrieve the
certificate MUST use TLS ;
the identity of the server MUST be validated, as per
Section 3.1 of HTTP Over TLS .
This header parameter is OPTIONAL.
The x5t (X.509 Certificate Thumbprint)
header parameter provides a base64url encoded
SHA-1 thumbprint (a.k.a. digest) of the DER encoding of
the X.509 certificate corresponding to the key used to
encrypt the JWE; this can be used to determine the private key needed to decrypt the JWE.
This header parameter is OPTIONAL.
If, in the future, certificate thumbprints need to be
computed using hash functions other than SHA-1, it is
suggested that additional related header parameters be
defined for that purpose. For example, it is suggested
that a new x5t#S256 (X.509
Certificate Thumbprint using SHA-256) header parameter
could be defined by registering it in the IANA
JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters
registry .
The x5c (X.509 Certificate Chain)
header parameter contains the X.509 public key
certificate or certificate chain
corresponding to the key used to
encrypt the JWE; this can be used to determine the private key needed to decrypt the JWE.
The certificate or certificate chain is represented as an
array of certificate value strings. Each string is a
base64 encoded ( Section 4 -- not base64url encoded)
DER PKIX certificate value.
The certificate containing the public key of the entity
that encrypted the JWE MUST be the first certificate. This
MAY be followed by additional certificates, with each
subsequent certificate being the one used to certify the
previous one.
The recipient MUST verify the certificate chain according
to and reject the JWE if any
validation failure occurs.
This header parameter is OPTIONAL.
See Appendix B of for an example
x5c value.
The kid (key ID) header
parameter is a hint indicating which key was used to
encrypt the JWE; this can be used to determine the private key needed to decrypt the JWE.
This parameter allows originators to explicitly signal a change of
key to recipients.
Should the recipient be unable to locate a key
corresponding to the kid
value, they SHOULD treat that condition as an error.
The interpretation of the
kid value is unspecified.
Its value MUST be a string.
This header parameter is OPTIONAL.
When used with a JWK, the kid
value MAY be used to match a JWK kid
parameter value.
The typ (type) header
parameter is used to declare the type of this object.
The type value JWE MAY be used
to indicate that this object is a JWE.
The typ value is a case sensitive string.
This header parameter is OPTIONAL.
MIME Media Type
values MAY be used as typ values.
typ values SHOULD either be
registered in the IANA
JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values registry
or be
a URI that contains a Collision Resistant Namespace.
The cty (content type) header
parameter is used to declare the type of the encrypted
content (the Plaintext).
The cty value is a case sensitive string.
This header parameter is OPTIONAL.
The values used for the cty
header parameter come from the same value space as the
typ header parameter,
with the same rules applying.
The apu (agreement PartyUInfo)
value for key agreement algorithms using it
(such as ECDH-ES),
represented as a base64url encoded string.
This header parameter is OPTIONAL.
The apv (agreement PartyVInfo)
value for key agreement algorithms using it
(such as ECDH-ES),
represented as a base64url encoded string.
This header parameter is OPTIONAL.
The epu (encryption PartyUInfo)
value for plaintext encryption algorithms using it
(such as A128CBC+HS256),
represented as a base64url encoded string.
This header parameter is OPTIONAL.
The epv (encryption PartyVInfo)
value for plaintext encryption algorithms using it
(such as A128CBC+HS256),
represented as a base64url encoded string.
This header parameter is OPTIONAL.
Additional header parameter names can be defined by those
using JWEs. However, in order to prevent collisions, any new
header parameter name SHOULD either be registered in the IANA
JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry
or be
a URI that contains a Collision Resistant Namespace.
In each case, the definer of the name
or value needs to take reasonable precautions to make sure they
are in control of the part of the namespace they use to
define the header parameter name.
New header parameters should be introduced sparingly, as
they can result in non-interoperable JWEs.
A producer and consumer of a JWE may agree to any header
parameter name that is not a Reserved Name or a Public
Name . Unlike Public
Names, these private names are subject to collision and
should be used with caution.
The message encryption process is as follows. The order of
the steps is not significant in cases where there are no
dependencies between the inputs and outputs of the steps.
When key wrapping, key encryption,
or key agreement with key wrapping are employed,
generate a random Content Master Key (CMK).
See RFC 4086 for
considerations on generating random values.
The CMK MUST have a length equal to that
required for the block encryption algorithm.
When key agreement is employed, use the key agreement algorithm
to compute the value of the agreed upon key.
When key agreement without key wrapping is employed,
let the Content Master Key (CMK) be the agreed upon key.
When key agreement with key wrapping is employed,
the agreed upon key will be used to wrap the CMK.
When key wrapping, key encryption,
or key agreement with key wrapping are employed,
encrypt the CMK for the recipient (see ) and let the result be the
JWE Encrypted Key.
Otherwise, when direct encryption with a shared or
agreed upon symmetric key is employed,
let the JWE Encrypted Key be the empty byte array.
When direct encryption with a shared symmetric key is employed,
let the Content Master Key (CMK) be the shared key.
Base64url encode the JWE Encrypted Key to create the
Encoded JWE Encrypted Key.
Generate a random JWE Initialization Vector of the correct size
for the block encryption algorithm (if required for the algorithm);
otherwise, let the JWE Initialization Vector be the empty byte string.
Base64url encode the JWE Initialization Vector to create the
Encoded JWE Initialization Vector.
Compress the Plaintext if a zip parameter was included.
Serialize the (compressed) Plaintext into a byte sequence M.
Create a JWE Header containing the encryption
parameters used.
Note that white space is explicitly allowed
in the representation and no canonicalization need be performed
before encoding.
Base64url encode the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of
the JWE Header to create the Encoded JWE Header.
Let the "additional authenticated data" value be the bytes of the ASCII
representation of the concatenation of
the Encoded JWE Header, a period ('.') character,
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, a second period character ('.'), and
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector.
Encrypt M using the CMK, the JWE Initialization Vector, and
the "additional authenticated data" value
using the specified block encryption algorithm
to create the JWE Ciphertext value and the JWE Integrity Value
(which is the "authentication tag" output from the calculation).
Base64url encode the JWE Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE Ciphertext.
Base64url encode the JWE Integrity Value to create the
Encoded JWE Integrity Value.
The five encoded parts, taken together, are the result.
The Compact Serialization of this result is the
concatenation of
the Encoded JWE Header,
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key,
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector,
the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and
the Encoded JWE Integrity Value
in that order, with the five strings
being separated by four period ('.') characters.
The message decryption process is the reverse of the
encryption process. The order of the steps is not significant
in cases where there are no dependencies between the inputs
and outputs of the steps. If any of these steps fails, the
JWE MUST be rejected.
Determine
the Encoded JWE Header,
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key,
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector,
the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and
the Encoded JWE Integrity Value
values contained in the JWE.
When using the Compact Serialization, these five values are
represented in that order, separated by four period ('.') characters.
The Encoded JWE Header,
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key,
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector,
the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and
the Encoded JWE Integrity Value
MUST be successfully base64url decoded following the
restriction that no padding characters have been used.
The resulting JWE Header MUST be completely valid
JSON syntax conforming to RFC 4627.
The resulting JWE Header MUST be validated to only include
parameters and values whose syntax and semantics are both
understood and supported.
Verify that the JWE uses a key known to the recipient.
When key agreement is employed, use the key agreement algorithm
to compute the value of the agreed upon key.
When key agreement without key wrapping is employed,
let the Content Master Key (CMK) be the agreed upon key.
When key agreement with key wrapping is employed,
the agreed upon key will be used to decrypt the JWE Encrypted Key.
When key wrapping, key encryption,
or key agreement with key wrapping are employed,
decrypt the JWE Encrypted Key to produce the Content
Master Key (CMK).
The CMK MUST have a length equal to that
required for the block encryption algorithm.
When direct encryption with a shared symmetric key is employed,
let the Content Master Key (CMK) be the shared key.
Let the "additional authenticated data" value be the bytes of the ASCII
representation of the concatenation of
the Encoded JWE Header, a period ('.') character,
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, a second period character ('.'), and
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector.
Decrypt the JWE Ciphertext using the CMK, the JWE Initialization Vector,
the "additional authenticated data" value,
and the JWE Integrity Value
(which is the "authentication tag" input to the calculation)
using the specified block encryption algorithm,
returning the decrypted plaintext and verifying the JWE Integrity Value
in the manner specified for the algorithm,
rejecting the input without emitting any decrypted output
if the JWE Integrity Value is incorrect.
Uncompress the decrypted plaintext
if a zip parameter was included.
Output the resulting Plaintext.
JWE supports three forms of Content Master Key (CMK) encryption:
Asymmetric encryption under the recipient's public key.
Symmetric encryption under a key shared between the sender and receiver.
Symmetric encryption under a key agreed upon between the sender and receiver.
See the algorithms registered for enc usage in the IANA
JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry
and Section 4.1 of the
JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification
for lists of encryption algorithms that can be used for CMK encryption.
JWE uses cryptographic algorithms to encrypt the Plaintext
and the Content Encryption Key (CMK) and to provide integrity
protection for the JWE Header, JWE Encrypted Key, and JWE Ciphertext.
The JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)
specification specifies a set of cryptographic algorithms and
identifiers to be used with this specification
and defines registries for additional such algorithms.
Specifically, Section 4.1 specifies a set of
alg (algorithm) header parameter values and
Section 4.2 specifies a set of
enc (encryption method) header parameter values
intended for use this specification.
It also describes the semantics and operations that are
specific to these algorithms and algorithm families.
Public keys employed for encryption can be identified using the
Header Parameter methods described in or can be distributed
using methods that are outside the scope of this
specification.
This specification registers the Header Parameter Names defined in
in the IANA
JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry
.
Header Parameter Name: alg
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
Header Parameter Name: enc
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
Header Parameter Name: epk
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
Header Parameter Name: zip
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
Header Parameter Name: jku
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
Header Parameter Name: jwk
Change Controller: IETF
Specification document(s): of [[ this document ]]
Header Parameter Name: x5u
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
Header Parameter Name: x5t
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
Header Parameter Name: x5c
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
Header Parameter Name: kid
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
Header Parameter Name: typ
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
Header Parameter Name: cty
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
Header Parameter Name: apu
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
Header Parameter Name: apv
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
Header Parameter Name: epu
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
Header Parameter Name: epv
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
This specification registers the JWE
type value in the
IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values registry :
"typ" Header Parameter Value: JWE
Abbreviation for MIME Type: application/jwe
Change Controller: IETF
Specification Document(s): of [[ this document ]]
This specification registers the application/jwe Media Type
in the MIME Media Type registry
to indicate that the content is a JWE using the Compact Serialization.
Type Name: application
Subtype Name: jwe
Required Parameters: n/a
Optional Parameters: n/a
Encoding considerations: JWE values are encoded as a
series of base64url encoded values (some of which may be the
empty string) separated by period ('.') characters
Security Considerations: See the Security Considerations section of this document
Interoperability Considerations: n/a
Published Specification: [[ this document ]]
Applications that use this media type:
OpenID Connect and other applications using encrypted JWTs
Additional Information: Magic number(s): n/a,
File extension(s): n/a,
Macintosh file type code(s): n/a
Person & email address to contact for further information: Michael B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com
Intended Usage: COMMON
Restrictions on Usage: none
Author: Michael B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com
Change Controller: IETF
All of the security issues faced by any cryptographic application
must be faced by a JWS/JWE/JWK agent. Among these issues are protecting
the user's private key, preventing various attacks, and helping the
user avoid mistakes such as inadvertently encrypting a message for
the wrong recipient. The entire list of security considerations is
beyond the scope of this document, but some significant concerns are
listed here.
All the security considerations in the JWS specification
also apply to this specification.
Likewise, all the security considerations in
XML Encryption 1.1
also apply to JWE, other than those that are XML specific.
JSON Web Signature (JWS)Microsoftmbj@microsoft.comhttp://self-issued.info/Ping Identityve7jtb@ve7jtb.comNomura Research Instituten-sakimura@nri.co.jpJSON Web Key (JWK)Microsoftmbj@microsoft.comhttp://self-issued.info/JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)Microsoftmbj@microsoft.comhttp://self-issued.info/JSON Web Encryption JSON Serialization (JWE-JS)Microsoftmbj@microsoft.comhttp://self-issued.info/JSON Simple EncryptionindependentNomura Research Institute
This section provides examples of JWE computations.
This example encrypts the plaintext
"Live long and prosper."
to the recipient using RSAES OAEP and AES GCM.
The AES GCM algorithm has an integrated integrity check.
The representation of this plaintext is:
[76, 105, 118, 101, 32, 108, 111, 110, 103, 32, 97, 110, 100, 32, 112, 114,
111, 115, 112, 101, 114, 46]
The following example JWE Header declares that:
the Content Master Key is encrypted to the recipient
using the RSAES OAEP algorithm to produce the JWE
Encrypted Key and
the Plaintext is encrypted using the AES GCM
algorithm with a 256 bit key to produce the Ciphertext.
Base64url encoding the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of
the JWE Header yields this Encoded JWE Header value:
Generate a 256 bit random Content Master Key (CMK).
In this example, the value is:
[177, 161, 244, 128, 84, 143, 225, 115, 63, 180, 3, 255, 107, 154, 212, 246,
138, 7, 110, 91, 112, 46, 34, 105, 47, 130, 203, 46, 122, 234, 64, 252]
Encrypt the CMK with the recipient's public key using the RSAES OAEP
algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key.
In this example, the RSA key parameters are:
Parameter NameValueModulus
[161, 168, 84, 34, 133, 176, 208, 173, 46, 176, 163, 110, 57, 30, 135, 227,
9, 31, 226, 128, 84, 92, 116, 241, 70, 248, 27, 227, 193, 62, 5, 91,
241, 145, 224, 205, 141, 176, 184, 133, 239, 43, 81, 103, 9, 161, 153, 157,
179, 104, 123, 51, 189, 34, 152, 69, 97, 69, 78, 93, 140, 131, 87, 182,
169, 101, 92, 142, 3, 22, 167, 8, 212, 56, 35, 79, 210, 222, 192, 208,
252, 49, 109, 138, 173, 253, 210, 166, 201, 63, 102, 74, 5, 158, 41, 90,
144, 108, 160, 79, 10, 89, 222, 231, 172, 31, 227, 197, 0, 19, 72, 81,
138, 78, 136, 221, 121, 118, 196, 17, 146, 10, 244, 188, 72, 113, 55, 221,
162, 217, 171, 27, 57, 233, 210, 101, 236, 154, 199, 56, 138, 239, 101, 48,
198, 186, 202, 160, 76, 111, 234, 71, 57, 183, 5, 211, 171, 136, 126, 64,
40, 75, 58, 89, 244, 254, 107, 84, 103, 7, 236, 69, 163, 18, 180, 251,
58, 153, 46, 151, 174, 12, 103, 197, 181, 161, 162, 55, 250, 235, 123, 110,
17, 11, 158, 24, 47, 133, 8, 199, 235, 107, 126, 130, 246, 73, 195, 20,
108, 202, 176, 214, 187, 45, 146, 182, 118, 54, 32, 200, 61, 201, 71, 243,
1, 255, 131, 84, 37, 111, 211, 168, 228, 45, 192, 118, 27, 197, 235, 232,
36, 10, 230, 248, 190, 82, 182, 140, 35, 204, 108, 190, 253, 186, 186, 27]
Exponent
[1, 0, 1]
Private Exponent
[144, 183, 109, 34, 62, 134, 108, 57, 44, 252, 10, 66, 73, 54, 16, 181,
233, 92, 54, 219, 101, 42, 35, 178, 63, 51, 43, 92, 119, 136, 251, 41,
53, 23, 191, 164, 164, 60, 88, 227, 229, 152, 228, 213, 149, 228, 169, 237,
104, 71, 151, 75, 88, 252, 216, 77, 251, 231, 28, 97, 88, 193, 215, 202,
248, 216, 121, 195, 211, 245, 250, 112, 71, 243, 61, 129, 95, 39, 244, 122,
225, 217, 169, 211, 165, 48, 253, 220, 59, 122, 219, 42, 86, 223, 32, 236,
39, 48, 103, 78, 122, 216, 187, 88, 176, 89, 24, 1, 42, 177, 24, 99,
142, 170, 1, 146, 43, 3, 108, 64, 194, 121, 182, 95, 187, 134, 71, 88,
96, 134, 74, 131, 167, 69, 106, 143, 121, 27, 72, 44, 245, 95, 39, 194,
179, 175, 203, 122, 16, 112, 183, 17, 200, 202, 31, 17, 138, 156, 184, 210,
157, 184, 154, 131, 128, 110, 12, 85, 195, 122, 241, 79, 251, 229, 183, 117,
21, 123, 133, 142, 220, 153, 9, 59, 57, 105, 81, 255, 138, 77, 82, 54,
62, 216, 38, 249, 208, 17, 197, 49, 45, 19, 232, 157, 251, 131, 137, 175,
72, 126, 43, 229, 69, 179, 117, 82, 157, 213, 83, 35, 57, 210, 197, 252,
171, 143, 194, 11, 47, 163, 6, 253, 75, 252, 96, 11, 187, 84, 130, 210,
7, 121, 78, 91, 79, 57, 251, 138, 132, 220, 60, 224, 173, 56, 224, 201]
The resulting JWE Encrypted Key value is:
[51, 101, 241, 165, 179, 145, 41, 236, 202, 75, 60, 208, 47, 255, 121, 248,
104, 226, 185, 212, 65, 78, 169, 255, 162, 100, 188, 207, 220, 96, 161, 22,
251, 47, 66, 112, 229, 75, 4, 111, 25, 173, 200, 121, 246, 79, 189, 102,
173, 146, 228, 142, 14, 12, 167, 200, 27, 133, 138, 37, 180, 249, 4, 56,
123, 192, 162, 156, 246, 231, 235, 217, 240, 45, 158, 213, 195, 154, 2, 142,
86, 61, 198, 210, 34, 225, 92, 7, 128, 227, 4, 227, 55, 183, 69, 0,
59, 162, 71, 145, 98, 238, 0, 70, 40, 123, 159, 37, 115, 18, 16, 157,
236, 138, 117, 166, 18, 45, 181, 125, 112, 170, 168, 82, 129, 80, 166, 242,
150, 97, 17, 217, 109, 251, 51, 35, 39, 236, 107, 95, 43, 154, 4, 227,
206, 187, 75, 13, 51, 231, 115, 79, 67, 72, 145, 54, 225, 164, 60, 195,
120, 188, 69, 113, 3, 182, 21, 189, 79, 82, 122, 46, 196, 199, 254, 252,
7, 119, 5, 32, 144, 143, 173, 11, 99, 205, 120, 106, 231, 51, 231, 77,
73, 252, 197, 221, 142, 254, 151, 7, 6, 203, 65, 108, 117, 121, 15, 95,
43, 111, 13, 94, 242, 226, 150, 94, 121, 72, 144, 251, 69, 93, 137, 178,
13, 216, 8, 227, 125, 110, 180, 157, 250, 207, 184, 232, 222, 164, 193, 70,
232, 16, 65, 109, 29, 251, 164, 119, 50, 205, 236, 109, 245, 234, 78, 1]
Base64url encode the JWE Encrypted Key to produce the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key.
This result (with line breaks for display purposes only) is:
Generate a random 96 bit JWE Initialization Vector.
In this example, the value is:
[227, 197, 117, 252, 2, 219, 233, 68, 180, 225, 77, 219]
Base64url encoding this value yields the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector value:
Concatenate
the Encoded JWE Header value, a period character ('.'),
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, a second period character ('.'), and
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector
to create the "additional authenticated data"
parameter for the AES GCM algorithm.
This result (with line breaks for display purposes only) is:
The representation of this value is:
[101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 83, 85, 48, 69, 116,
84, 48, 70, 70, 85, 67, 73, 115, 73, 109, 86, 117, 89, 121, 73, 54,
73, 107, 69, 121, 78, 84, 90, 72, 81, 48, 48, 105, 102, 81, 46, 77,
50, 88, 120, 112, 98, 79, 82, 75, 101, 122, 75, 83, 122, 122, 81, 76,
95, 57, 53, 45, 71, 106, 105, 117, 100, 82, 66, 84, 113, 110, 95, 111,
109, 83, 56, 122, 57, 120, 103, 111, 82, 98, 55, 76, 48, 74, 119, 53,
85, 115, 69, 98, 120, 109, 116, 121, 72, 110, 50, 84, 55, 49, 109, 114,
90, 76, 107, 106, 103, 52, 77, 112, 56, 103, 98, 104, 89, 111, 108, 116,
80, 107, 69, 79, 72, 118, 65, 111, 112, 122, 50, 53, 45, 118, 90, 56,
67, 50, 101, 49, 99, 79, 97, 65, 111, 53, 87, 80, 99, 98, 83, 73,
117, 70, 99, 66, 52, 68, 106, 66, 79, 77, 51, 116, 48, 85, 65, 79,
54, 74, 72, 107, 87, 76, 117, 65, 69, 89, 111, 101, 53, 56, 108, 99,
120, 73, 81, 110, 101, 121, 75, 100, 97, 89, 83, 76, 98, 86, 57, 99,
75, 113, 111, 85, 111, 70, 81, 112, 118, 75, 87, 89, 82, 72, 90, 98,
102, 115, 122, 73, 121, 102, 115, 97, 49, 56, 114, 109, 103, 84, 106, 122,
114, 116, 76, 68, 84, 80, 110, 99, 48, 57, 68, 83, 74, 69, 50, 52,
97, 81, 56, 119, 51, 105, 56, 82, 88, 69, 68, 116, 104, 87, 57, 84,
49, 74, 54, 76, 115, 84, 72, 95, 118, 119, 72, 100, 119, 85, 103, 107,
73, 45, 116, 67, 50, 80, 78, 101, 71, 114, 110, 77, 45, 100, 78, 83,
102, 122, 70, 51, 89, 55, 45, 108, 119, 99, 71, 121, 48, 70, 115, 100,
88, 107, 80, 88, 121, 116, 118, 68, 86, 55, 121, 52, 112, 90, 101, 101,
85, 105, 81, 45, 48, 86, 100, 105, 98, 73, 78, 50, 65, 106, 106, 102,
87, 54, 48, 110, 102, 114, 80, 117, 79, 106, 101, 112, 77, 70, 71, 54,
66, 66, 66, 98, 82, 51, 55, 112, 72, 99, 121, 122, 101, 120, 116, 57,
101, 112, 79, 65, 81, 46, 52, 56, 86, 49, 95, 65, 76, 98, 54, 85,
83, 48, 52, 85, 51, 98]
Encrypt the Plaintext with AES GCM using the CMK as the encryption key,
the JWE Initialization Vector,
and the "additional authenticated data" value above,
requesting a 128 bit "authentication tag" output.
The resulting Ciphertext is:
[253, 237, 181, 180, 97, 161, 105, 207, 233, 120, 65, 100, 45, 122, 246, 116,
195, 212, 102, 37, 36, 175]
The resulting "authentication tag" value is:
[237, 94, 89, 14, 74, 52, 191, 249, 159, 216, 240, 28, 224, 147, 34, 82]
Base64url encode the resulting Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE Ciphertext.
This result is:
Base64url encode the resulting "authentication tag" to create the Encoded JWE Integrity Value.
This result is:
Assemble the final representation:
The Compact Serialization of this result is the
concatenation of
the Encoded JWE Header,
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key,
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector,
the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and
the Encoded JWE Integrity Value
in that order, with the five strings
being separated by four period ('.') characters.
The final result in this example
(with line breaks for display purposes only) is:
This example illustrates the process of creating a JWE with an AEAD algorithm.
These results can be used to validate JWE decryption implementations for these algorithms.
Note that since the RSAES OAEP computation includes random values,
the encryption results above will not be completely reproducible.
However, since the AES GCM computation is deterministic, the JWE Encrypted Ciphertext
values will be the same for all encryptions performed using these inputs.
This example encrypts the plaintext
"No matter where you go, there you are."
to the recipient using RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 and AES CBC.
AES CBC does not have an integrated integrity check,
so a separate integrity check calculation is performed using HMAC SHA-256,
with separate encryption and integrity keys being derived from a master key
using the Concat KDF with the SHA-256 digest function.
The representation of this plaintext is:
[78, 111, 32, 109, 97, 116, 116, 101, 114, 32, 119, 104, 101, 114, 101, 32,
121, 111, 117, 32, 103, 111, 44, 32, 116, 104, 101, 114, 101, 32, 121, 111,
117, 32, 97, 114, 101, 46]
The following example JWE Header (with line breaks for display purposes only) declares that:
the Content Master Key is encrypted to the recipient
using the RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 algorithm to produce the JWE
Encrypted Key and
the Plaintext is encrypted using the AES CBC
algorithm with a 128 bit key to produce the Ciphertext,
with the integrity of the
Ciphertext and the parameters used to create it being
secured with the HMAC SHA-256 algorithm.
Base64url encoding the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of
the JWE Header yields this Encoded JWE Header value:
Generate a 256 bit random Content Master Key (CMK).
In this example, the key value is:
[4, 211, 31, 197, 84, 157, 252, 254, 11, 100, 157, 250, 63, 170, 106, 206,
107, 124, 212, 45, 111, 107, 9, 219, 200, 177, 0, 240, 143, 156, 44, 207]
Encrypt the CMK with the recipient's public key using the RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5
algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key.
In this example, the RSA key parameters are:
Parameter NameValueModulus
[177, 119, 33, 13, 164, 30, 108, 121, 207, 136, 107, 242, 12, 224, 19, 226,
198, 134, 17, 71, 173, 75, 42, 61, 48, 162, 206, 161, 97, 108, 185, 234,
226, 219, 118, 206, 118, 5, 169, 224, 60, 181, 90, 85, 51, 123, 6, 224,
4, 122, 29, 230, 151, 12, 244, 127, 121, 25, 4, 85, 220, 144, 215, 110,
130, 17, 68, 228, 129, 138, 7, 130, 231, 40, 212, 214, 17, 179, 28, 124,
151, 178, 207, 20, 14, 154, 222, 113, 176, 24, 198, 73, 211, 113, 9, 33,
178, 80, 13, 25, 21, 25, 153, 212, 206, 67, 154, 147, 70, 194, 192, 183,
160, 83, 98, 236, 175, 85, 23, 97, 75, 199, 177, 73, 145, 50, 253, 206,
32, 179, 254, 236, 190, 82, 73, 67, 129, 253, 252, 220, 108, 136, 138, 11,
192, 1, 36, 239, 228, 55, 81, 113, 17, 25, 140, 63, 239, 146, 3, 172,
96, 60, 227, 233, 64, 255, 224, 173, 225, 228, 229, 92, 112, 72, 99, 97,
26, 87, 187, 123, 46, 50, 90, 202, 117, 73, 10, 153, 47, 224, 178, 163,
77, 48, 46, 154, 33, 148, 34, 228, 33, 172, 216, 89, 46, 225, 127, 68,
146, 234, 30, 147, 54, 146, 5, 133, 45, 78, 254, 85, 55, 75, 213, 86,
194, 218, 215, 163, 189, 194, 54, 6, 83, 36, 18, 153, 53, 7, 48, 89,
35, 66, 144, 7, 65, 154, 13, 97, 75, 55, 230, 132, 3, 13, 239, 71]
Exponent
[1, 0, 1]
Private Exponent
[84, 80, 150, 58, 165, 235, 242, 123, 217, 55, 38, 154, 36, 181, 221, 156,
211, 215, 100, 164, 90, 88, 40, 228, 83, 148, 54, 122, 4, 16, 165, 48,
76, 194, 26, 107, 51, 53, 179, 165, 31, 18, 198, 173, 78, 61, 56, 97,
252, 158, 140, 80, 63, 25, 223, 156, 36, 203, 214, 252, 120, 67, 180, 167,
3, 82, 243, 25, 97, 214, 83, 133, 69, 16, 104, 54, 160, 200, 41, 83,
164, 187, 70, 153, 111, 234, 242, 158, 175, 28, 198, 48, 211, 45, 148, 58,
23, 62, 227, 74, 52, 117, 42, 90, 41, 249, 130, 154, 80, 119, 61, 26,
193, 40, 125, 10, 152, 174, 227, 225, 205, 32, 62, 66, 6, 163, 100, 99,
219, 19, 253, 25, 105, 80, 201, 29, 252, 157, 237, 69, 1, 80, 171, 167,
20, 196, 156, 109, 249, 88, 0, 3, 152, 38, 165, 72, 87, 6, 152, 71,
156, 214, 16, 71, 30, 82, 51, 103, 76, 218, 63, 9, 84, 163, 249, 91,
215, 44, 238, 85, 101, 240, 148, 1, 82, 224, 91, 135, 105, 127, 84, 171,
181, 152, 210, 183, 126, 24, 46, 196, 90, 173, 38, 245, 219, 186, 222, 27,
240, 212, 194, 15, 66, 135, 226, 178, 190, 52, 245, 74, 65, 224, 81, 100,
85, 25, 204, 165, 203, 187, 175, 84, 100, 82, 15, 11, 23, 202, 151, 107,
54, 41, 207, 3, 136, 229, 134, 131, 93, 139, 50, 182, 204, 93, 130, 89]
The resulting JWE Encrypted Key value is:
[102, 105, 229, 169, 104, 35, 95, 42, 176, 142, 190, 220, 92, 124, 172, 240,
94, 253, 106, 114, 20, 35, 162, 118, 81, 103, 64, 201, 20, 4, 112, 96,
84, 248, 163, 199, 177, 227, 204, 247, 93, 63, 70, 132, 195, 26, 237, 72,
91, 141, 3, 159, 71, 111, 113, 213, 68, 142, 146, 92, 60, 243, 72, 111,
53, 156, 51, 16, 226, 215, 125, 68, 141, 232, 62, 111, 197, 98, 91, 150,
23, 230, 132, 93, 97, 216, 145, 226, 3, 18, 12, 48, 119, 153, 185, 8,
156, 195, 84, 21, 63, 143, 43, 144, 174, 101, 25, 199, 7, 106, 212, 43,
151, 225, 62, 225, 122, 92, 90, 139, 45, 144, 134, 229, 15, 235, 38, 110,
132, 189, 236, 126, 92, 183, 13, 64, 2, 77, 107, 95, 186, 8, 133, 53,
217, 104, 247, 152, 241, 49, 199, 15, 111, 110, 123, 16, 13, 78, 193, 224,
23, 230, 133, 220, 162, 126, 82, 192, 236, 7, 185, 100, 106, 21, 70, 93,
192, 255, 252, 139, 61, 124, 81, 140, 113, 97, 164, 231, 131, 167, 246, 157,
199, 195, 114, 122, 49, 121, 115, 63, 114, 12, 165, 11, 186, 3, 108, 12,
199, 101, 29, 226, 80, 56, 193, 149, 45, 134, 146, 102, 221, 202, 63, 166,
150, 53, 42, 133, 3, 83, 199, 14, 15, 181, 209, 199, 174, 76, 75, 106,
254, 243, 196, 227, 225, 173, 122, 254, 13, 224, 174, 4, 185, 217, 99, 225]
Base64url encode the JWE Encrypted Key to produce the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key.
This result (with line breaks for display purposes only) is:
Use the Concat key derivation function
to derive Content Encryption Key (CEK)
and Content Integrity Key (CIK) values from the CMK.
The details of this derivation are shown in .
The resulting CEK value is:
[203, 165, 180, 113, 62, 195, 22, 98, 91, 153, 210, 38, 112, 35, 230, 236]
The resulting CIK value is:
[218, 24, 160, 17, 160, 50, 235, 35, 216, 209, 100, 174, 155, 163, 10, 117,
180, 111, 172, 200, 127, 201, 206, 173, 40, 45, 58, 170, 35, 93, 9, 60]
Generate a random 128 bit JWE Initialization Vector.
In this example, the value is:
[3, 22, 60, 12, 43, 67, 104, 105, 108, 108, 105, 99, 111, 116, 104, 101]
Base64url encoding this value yields the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector value:
Encrypt the Plaintext with AES CBC using
the CEK and the JWE Initialization Vector to produce the Ciphertext.
The resulting Ciphertext is:
[71, 27, 35, 131, 163, 200, 19, 23, 38, 25, 33, 123, 46, 116, 132, 144,
58, 150, 32, 167, 192, 195, 92, 25, 207, 101, 233, 105, 181, 121, 63, 4,
44, 162, 82, 176, 17, 171, 150, 97, 147, 68, 245, 13, 97, 100, 145, 25]
Base64url encode the resulting Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE Ciphertext.
This result is:
Concatenate
the Encoded JWE Header value, a period character ('.'),
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, a second period character,
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, a third period ('.') character, and
the Encoded JWE Ciphertext
to create the value to integrity protect.
This result (with line breaks for display purposes only) is:
The representation of this value is:
[101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 83, 85, 48, 69, 120,
88, 122, 85, 105, 76, 67, 74, 108, 98, 109, 77, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66,
77, 84, 73, 52, 81, 48, 74, 68, 75, 48, 104, 84, 77, 106, 85, 50,
73, 110, 48, 46, 90, 109, 110, 108, 113, 87, 103, 106, 88, 121, 113, 119,
106, 114, 55, 99, 88, 72, 121, 115, 56, 70, 55, 57, 97, 110, 73, 85,
73, 54, 74, 50, 85, 87, 100, 65, 121, 82, 81, 69, 99, 71, 66, 85,
45, 75, 80, 72, 115, 101, 80, 77, 57, 49, 48, 95, 82, 111, 84, 68,
71, 117, 49, 73, 87, 52, 48, 68, 110, 48, 100, 118, 99, 100, 86, 69,
106, 112, 74, 99, 80, 80, 78, 73, 98, 122, 87, 99, 77, 120, 68, 105,
49, 51, 49, 69, 106, 101, 103, 45, 98, 56, 86, 105, 87, 53, 89, 88,
53, 111, 82, 100, 89, 100, 105, 82, 52, 103, 77, 83, 68, 68, 66, 51,
109, 98, 107, 73, 110, 77, 78, 85, 70, 84, 45, 80, 75, 53, 67, 117,
90, 82, 110, 72, 66, 50, 114, 85, 75, 53, 102, 104, 80, 117, 70, 54,
88, 70, 113, 76, 76, 90, 67, 71, 53, 81, 95, 114, 74, 109, 54, 69,
118, 101, 120, 45, 88, 76, 99, 78, 81, 65, 74, 78, 97, 49, 45, 54,
67, 73, 85, 49, 50, 87, 106, 51, 109, 80, 69, 120, 120, 119, 57, 118,
98, 110, 115, 81, 68, 85, 55, 66, 52, 66, 102, 109, 104, 100, 121, 105,
102, 108, 76, 65, 55, 65, 101, 53, 90, 71, 111, 86, 82, 108, 51, 65,
95, 95, 121, 76, 80, 88, 120, 82, 106, 72, 70, 104, 112, 79, 101, 68,
112, 95, 97, 100, 120, 56, 78, 121, 101, 106, 70, 53, 99, 122, 57, 121,
68, 75, 85, 76, 117, 103, 78, 115, 68, 77, 100, 108, 72, 101, 74, 81,
79, 77, 71, 86, 76, 89, 97, 83, 90, 116, 51, 75, 80, 54, 97, 87,
78, 83, 113, 70, 65, 49, 80, 72, 68, 103, 45, 49, 48, 99, 101, 117,
84, 69, 116, 113, 95, 118, 80, 69, 52, 45, 71, 116, 101, 118, 52, 78,
52, 75, 52, 69, 117, 100, 108, 106, 52, 81, 46, 65, 120, 89, 56, 68,
67, 116, 68, 97, 71, 108, 115, 98, 71, 108, 106, 98, 51, 82, 111, 90,
81, 46, 82, 120, 115, 106, 103, 54, 80, 73, 69, 120, 99, 109, 71, 83,
70, 55, 76, 110, 83, 69, 107, 68, 113, 87, 73, 75, 102, 65, 119, 49,
119, 90, 122, 50, 88, 112, 97, 98, 86, 53, 80, 119, 81, 115, 111, 108,
75, 119, 69, 97, 117, 87, 89, 90, 78, 69, 57, 81, 49, 104, 90, 74,
69, 90]
Compute the HMAC SHA-256 of this value using the CIK to create the JWE Integrity Value.
This result is:
[240, 181, 234, 49, 221, 9, 44, 107, 49, 49, 160, 121, 186, 131, 90, 50,
152, 59, 185, 69, 191, 167, 141, 17, 149, 166, 71, 11, 3, 8, 203, 57]
Base64url encode the resulting JWE Integrity Value to create the Encoded JWE Integrity Value.
This result is:
Assemble the final representation:
The Compact Serialization of this result is the
concatenation of
the Encoded JWE Header,
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key,
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector,
the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and
the Encoded JWE Integrity Value
in that order, with the five strings
being separated by four period ('.') characters.
The final result in this example
(with line breaks for display purposes only) is:
This example illustrates the process of creating a JWE with a
composite AEAD algorithm created from a non-AEAD algorithm by
adding a separate integrity check calculation.
These results can be used to validate JWE decryption implementations for these algorithms.
Note that since the RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 computation includes random values,
the encryption results above will not be completely reproducible.
However, since the AES CBC computation is deterministic, the JWE Encrypted Ciphertext
values will be the same for all encryptions performed using these inputs.
This example encrypts the plaintext
"The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination."
to the recipient using AES Key Wrap and AES GCM.
The representation of this plaintext is:
[84, 104, 101, 32, 116, 114, 117, 101, 32, 115, 105, 103, 110, 32, 111, 102,
32, 105, 110, 116, 101, 108, 108, 105, 103, 101, 110, 99, 101, 32, 105, 115,
32, 110, 111, 116, 32, 107, 110, 111, 119, 108, 101, 100, 103, 101, 32, 98,
117, 116, 32, 105, 109, 97, 103, 105, 110, 97, 116, 105, 111, 110, 46]
The following example JWE Header declares that:
the Content Master Key is encrypted to the recipient
using the AES Key Wrap algorithm with a 128 bit key to produce the JWE
Encrypted Key and
the Plaintext is encrypted using the AES GCM
algorithm with a 128 bit key to produce the Ciphertext.
Base64url encoding the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of
the JWE Header yields this Encoded JWE Header value:
Generate a 128 bit random Content Master Key (CMK).
In this example, the value is:
[64, 154, 239, 170, 64, 40, 195, 99, 19, 84, 192, 142, 192, 238, 207, 217]
Encrypt the CMK with the shared symmetric key using the AES Key Wrap
algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key.
In this example, the shared symmetric key value is:
[25, 172, 32, 130, 225, 114, 26, 181, 138, 106, 254, 192, 95, 133, 74, 82]
The resulting JWE Encrypted Key value is:
[164, 255, 251, 1, 64, 200, 65, 200, 34, 197, 81, 143, 43, 211, 240, 38,
191, 161, 181, 117, 119, 68, 44, 80]
Base64url encode the JWE Encrypted Key to produce the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key.
This result is:
Generate a random 96 bit JWE Initialization Vector.
In this example, the value is:
[253, 220, 80, 25, 166, 152, 178, 168, 97, 99, 67, 89]
Base64url encoding this value yields the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector value:
Concatenate
the Encoded JWE Header value, a period character ('.'),
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, a second period character ('.'), and
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector
to create the "additional authenticated data"
parameter for the AES GCM algorithm.
This result (with line breaks for display purposes only) is:
The representation of this value is:
[101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66, 77, 84, 73, 52,
83, 49, 99, 105, 76, 67, 74, 108, 98, 109, 77, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66,
77, 84, 73, 52, 82, 48, 78, 78, 73, 110, 48, 46, 112, 80, 95, 55,
65, 85, 68, 73, 81, 99, 103, 105, 120, 86, 71, 80, 75, 57, 80, 119,
74, 114, 45, 104, 116, 88, 86, 51, 82, 67, 120, 81, 46, 95, 100, 120,
81, 71, 97, 97, 89, 115, 113, 104, 104, 89, 48, 78, 90]
Encrypt the Plaintext with AES GCM using the CMK as the encryption key,
the JWE Initialization Vector,
and the "additional authenticated data" value above,
requesting a 128 bit "authentication tag" output.
The resulting Ciphertext is:
[227, 12, 89, 132, 185, 16, 248, 93, 145, 87, 53, 130, 95, 115, 62, 104,
138, 96, 109, 71, 124, 211, 165, 103, 202, 99, 21, 193, 4, 226, 84, 229,
254, 106, 144, 241, 39, 86, 148, 132, 160, 104, 88, 232, 228, 109, 85, 7,
86, 80, 134, 106, 166, 24, 92, 199, 210, 188, 153, 187, 218, 69, 227]
The resulting "authentication tag" value is:
[154, 35, 80, 107, 37, 148, 81, 6, 103, 4, 60, 206, 171, 165, 113, 67]
Base64url encode the resulting Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE Ciphertext.
This result (with line breaks for display purposes only) is:
Base64url encode the resulting "authentication tag" to create the Encoded JWE Integrity Value.
This result is:
Assemble the final representation:
The Compact Serialization of this result is the
concatenation of
the Encoded JWE Header,
the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key,
the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector,
the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and
the Encoded JWE Integrity Value
in that order, with the five strings
being separated by four period ('.') characters.
The final result in this example
(with line breaks for display purposes only) is:
This example illustrates the process of creating a JWE with
symmetric key wrap and an AEAD algorithm.
These results can be used to validate JWE decryption implementations for these algorithms.
Also, since both the AES Key Wrap and AES GCM computations are deterministic,
the resulting JWE value will be the same for all encryptions performed using these inputs.
Since the computation is reproducible, these results can also be used to validate
JWE encryption implementations for these algorithms.
This example uses the Concat KDF to derive the
Content Encryption Key (CEK) and Content Integrity Key (CIK)
from the Content Master Key (CMK) in the manner described in
Section 4.8.1 of .
In this example,
a 256 bit CMK is used to derive a 128 bit CEK and a 256 bit CIK.
The CMK value used is:
[4, 211, 31, 197, 84, 157, 252, 254, 11, 100, 157, 250, 63, 170, 106, 206,
107, 124, 212, 45, 111, 107, 9, 219, 200, 177, 0, 240, 143, 156, 44, 207]
These values are concatenated to produce the round 1 hash input:
the round number 1 as a 32 bit big endian integer ([0, 0, 0, 1]),
the CMK value (as above),
the output bit size 128 as a 32 bit big endian number ([0, 0, 0, 128]),
the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of the enc value
A128CBC+HS256 --
[65, 49, 50, 56, 67, 66, 67, 43, 72, 83, 50, 53, 54],
the Datalen value of zero for the omitted
epu (encryption PartyUInfo) value
([0, 0, 0, 0]),
the Datalen value of zero for the omitted
epv (encryption PartyVInfo) value
([0, 0, 0, 0]),
the bytes of the ASCII representation of the label "Encryption" --
[69, 110, 99, 114, 121, 112, 116, 105, 111, 110].
Thus the round 1 hash input is:
[0, 0, 0, 1,
4, 211, 31, 197, 84, 157, 252, 254, 11, 100, 157, 250, 63, 170, 106, 206,
107, 124, 212, 45, 111, 107, 9, 219, 200, 177, 0, 240, 143, 156, 44, 207,
0, 0, 0, 128,
65, 49, 50, 56, 67, 66, 67, 43, 72, 83, 50, 53, 54,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
69, 110, 99, 114, 121, 112, 116, 105, 111, 110]
The SHA-256 hash of this value, which is the round 1 hash output, is:
[203, 165, 180, 113, 62, 195, 22, 98, 91, 153, 210, 38, 112, 35, 230, 236,
181, 193, 129, 233, 251, 107, 70, 80, 36, 150, 216, 251, 182, 29, 104, 150]
Given that 128 bits are needed for the CEK and the hash has produced 256 bits,
the CEK value is the first 128 bits of that value:
[203, 165, 180, 113, 62, 195, 22, 98, 91, 153, 210, 38, 112, 35, 230, 236]
These values are concatenated to produce the round 1 hash input:
the round number 1 as a 32 bit big endian integer ([0, 0, 0, 1]),
the CMK value (as above),
the output bit size 256 as a 32 bit big endian number ([0, 0, 1, 0]),
the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of the enc value
A128CBC+HS256 --
[65, 49, 50, 56, 67, 66, 67, 43, 72, 83, 50, 53, 54],
the Datalen value of zero for the omitted
epu (encryption PartyUInfo) value
([0, 0, 0, 0]),
the Datalen value of zero for the omitted
epv (encryption PartyVInfo) value
([0, 0, 0, 0]),
the bytes of the ASCII representation of the label "Integrity" --
[73, 110, 116, 101, 103, 114, 105, 116, 121].
Thus the round 1 hash input is:
[0, 0, 0, 1,
4, 211, 31, 197, 84, 157, 252, 254, 11, 100, 157, 250, 63, 170, 106, 206,
107, 124, 212, 45, 111, 107, 9, 219, 200, 177, 0, 240, 143, 156, 44, 207,
0, 0, 1, 0,
65, 49, 50, 56, 67, 66, 67, 43, 72, 83, 50, 53, 54,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
73, 110, 116, 101, 103, 114, 105, 116, 121]
The SHA-256 hash of this value, which is the round 1 hash output, is:
[218, 24, 160, 17, 160, 50, 235, 35, 216, 209, 100, 174, 155, 163, 10, 117,
180, 111, 172, 200, 127, 201, 206, 173, 40, 45, 58, 170, 35, 93, 9, 60]
Given that 256 bits are needed for the CIK and the hash has produced 256 bits,
the CIK value is that same value:
[218, 24, 160, 17, 160, 50, 235, 35, 216, 209, 100, 174, 155, 163, 10, 117,
180, 111, 172, 200, 127, 201, 206, 173, 40, 45, 58, 170, 35, 93, 9, 60]
This example uses the Concat KDF to derive the
Content Encryption Key (CEK) and Content Integrity Key (CIK)
from the Content Master Key (CMK) in the manner described in
Section 4.8.1 of .
In this example,
a 512 bit CMK is used to derive a 256 bit CEK and a 512 bit CIK.
The CMK value used is:
[148, 116, 199, 126, 2, 117, 233, 76, 150, 149, 89, 193, 61, 34, 239, 226,
109, 71, 59, 160, 192, 140, 150, 235, 106, 204, 49, 176, 68, 119, 13, 34,
49, 19, 41, 69, 5, 20, 252, 145, 104, 129, 137, 138, 67, 23, 153, 83,
81, 234, 82, 247, 48, 211, 41, 130, 35, 124, 45, 156, 249, 7, 225, 168]
These values are concatenated to produce the round 1 hash input:
the round number 1 as a 32 bit big endian integer ([0, 0, 0, 1]),
the CMK value (as above),
the output bit size 256 as a 32 bit big endian number ([0, 0, 1, 0]),
the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of the enc value
A256CBC+HS512 --
[65, 50, 53, 54, 67, 66, 67, 43, 72, 83, 53, 49, 50],
the Datalen value of zero for the omitted
epu (encryption PartyUInfo) value
([0, 0, 0, 0]),
the Datalen value of zero for the omitted
epv (encryption PartyVInfo) value
([0, 0, 0, 0]),
the bytes of the ASCII representation of the label "Encryption" --
[69, 110, 99, 114, 121, 112, 116, 105, 111, 110].
Thus the round 1 hash input is:
[0, 0, 0, 1,
148, 116, 199, 126, 2, 117, 233, 76, 150, 149, 89, 193, 61, 34, 239, 226,
109, 71, 59, 160, 192, 140, 150, 235, 106, 204, 49, 176, 68, 119, 13, 34,
49, 19, 41, 69, 5, 20, 252, 145, 104, 129, 137, 138, 67, 23, 153, 83,
81, 234, 82, 247, 48, 211, 41, 130, 35, 124, 45, 156, 249, 7, 225, 168,
0, 0, 1, 0,
65, 50, 53, 54, 67, 66, 67, 43, 72, 83, 53, 49, 50,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
69, 110, 99, 114, 121, 112, 116, 105, 111, 110]
The SHA-512 hash of this value, which is the round 1 hash output, is:
[157, 19, 75, 205, 31, 190, 110, 46, 117, 217, 137, 19, 116, 166, 126, 60,
18, 244, 226, 114, 38, 153, 78, 198, 26, 0, 181, 168, 113, 45, 149, 89,
107, 213, 109, 183, 207, 164, 86, 131, 51, 105, 214, 29, 229, 32, 243, 46,
40, 53, 123, 4, 13, 7, 250, 48, 227, 207, 167, 211, 147, 91, 0, 171]
Given that 256 bits are needed for the CEK and the hash has produced 512 bits,
the CEK value is the first 256 bits of that value:
[157, 19, 75, 205, 31, 190, 110, 46, 117, 217, 137, 19, 116, 166, 126, 60,
18, 244, 226, 114, 38, 153, 78, 198, 26, 0, 181, 168, 113, 45, 149, 89]
These values are concatenated to produce the round 1 hash input:
the round number 1 as a 32 bit big endian integer ([0, 0, 0, 1]),
the CMK value (as above),
the output bit size 512 as a 32 bit big endian number ([0, 0, 2, 0]),
the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of the enc value
A256CBC+HS512 --
[65, 50, 53, 54, 67, 66, 67, 43, 72, 83, 53, 49, 50],
the Datalen value of zero for the omitted
epu (encryption PartyUInfo) value
([0, 0, 0, 0]),
the Datalen value of zero for the omitted
epv (encryption PartyVInfo) value
([0, 0, 0, 0]),
the bytes of the ASCII representation of the label "Integrity" --
[73, 110, 116, 101, 103, 114, 105, 116, 121].
Thus the round 1 hash input is:
[0, 0, 0, 1,
148, 116, 199, 126, 2, 117, 233, 76, 150, 149, 89, 193, 61, 34, 239, 226,
109, 71, 59, 160, 192, 140, 150, 235, 106, 204, 49, 176, 68, 119, 13, 34,
49, 19, 41, 69, 5, 20, 252, 145, 104, 129, 137, 138, 67, 23, 153, 83,
81, 234, 82, 247, 48, 211, 41, 130, 35, 124, 45, 156, 249, 7, 225, 168,
0, 0, 2, 0,
65, 50, 53, 54, 67, 66, 67, 43, 72, 83, 53, 49, 50,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
73, 110, 116, 101, 103, 114, 105, 116, 121]
The SHA-512 hash of this value, which is the round 1 hash output, is:
[81, 249, 131, 194, 25, 166, 147, 155, 47, 249, 146, 160, 200, 236, 115, 72,
103, 248, 228, 30, 130, 225, 164, 61, 105, 172, 198, 31, 137, 170, 215, 141,
27, 247, 73, 236, 125, 113, 151, 33, 0, 251, 72, 53, 72, 63, 146, 117,
247, 13, 49, 20, 210, 169, 232, 156, 118, 1, 16, 45, 29, 21, 15, 208]
Given that 512 bits are needed for the CIK and the hash has produced 512 bits,
the CIK value is that same value:
[81, 249, 131, 194, 25, 166, 147, 155, 47, 249, 146, 160, 200, 236, 115, 72,
103, 248, 228, 30, 130, 225, 164, 61, 105, 172, 198, 31, 137, 170, 215, 141,
27, 247, 73, 236, 125, 113, 151, 33, 0, 251, 72, 53, 72, 63, 146, 117,
247, 13, 49, 20, 210, 169, 232, 156, 118, 1, 16, 45, 29, 21, 15, 208]
Solutions for encrypting JSON content were also explored by
JSON Simple Encryption and
JavaScript Message Security
Format, both of which significantly influenced this draft.
This draft attempts to explicitly reuse as many of the relevant concepts from
XML Encryption 1.1
and RFC 5652 as possible,
while utilizing simple compact JSON-based data structures.
Special thanks are due to John Bradley and Nat Sakimura for
the discussions that helped inform the content of this
specification and to Eric Rescorla and Joe Hildebrand for
allowing the reuse of text from in this document.
Thanks to Axel Nennker, Emmanuel Raviart, Brian Campbell, and Edmund Jay
for validating the examples in this specification.
Jim Schaad and Karen O'Donoghue chaired the JOSE working group and
Sean Turner and Stephen Farrell served as Security area directors
during the creation of this specification.
[[ to be removed by the RFC editor before publication as an RFC ]]
The following items remain to be considered or done in this draft:
Should we define optional nonce, timestamp, and/or
uninterpreted string header parameter(s)?
[[ to be removed by the RFC editor before publication as an RFC ]]
-07
Added a data length prefix to PartyUInfo and PartyVInfo values.
Updated values for example AES CBC calculations.
Made several local editorial changes to clean up loose ends
left over from to the decision to only support
block encryption methods providing integrity.
One of these changes was to explicitly state that the
enc (encryption method) algorithm
must be an AEAD algorithm with a specified key length.
-06
Removed the int and
kdf parameters and defined the new composite
AEAD algorithms A128CBC+HS256 and
A256CBC+HS512 to replace the former
uses of AES CBC, which required the use of separate integrity
and key derivation functions.
Included additional values in the Concat KDF calculation -- the
desired output size and the algorithm value,
and optionally PartyUInfo and PartyVInfo values.
Added the optional header parameters
apu (agreement PartyUInfo),
apv (agreement PartyVInfo),
epu (encryption PartyUInfo), and
epv (encryption PartyVInfo).
Updated the KDF examples accordingly.
Promoted Initialization Vector from being a header parameter to being
a top-level JWE element.
This saves approximately 16 bytes in the compact serialization,
which is a significant savings for some use cases.
Promoting the Initialization Vector out of the header also avoids repeating
this shared value in the JSON serialization.
Changed x5c (X.509 Certificate Chain)
representation from being a single string to being an array of strings,
each containing a single base64 encoded DER certificate value,
representing elements of the certificate chain.
Added an AES Key Wrap example.
Reordered the encryption steps so CMK creation is first, when required.
Correct statements in examples about which algorithms produce
reproducible results.
-05
Support both direct encryption using a
shared or agreed upon symmetric key, and the use of a
shared or agreed upon symmetric key to key wrap the CMK.
Added statement that
"StringOrURI values are compared as case-sensitive strings
with no transformations or canonicalizations applied".
Updated open issues.
Indented artwork elements to better distinguish them from the body text.
-04
Refer to the registries as the primary sources of defined
values and then secondarily reference the sections
defining the initial contents of the registries.
Normatively reference
XML Encryption 1.1
for its security considerations.
Reference draft-jones-jose-jwe-json-serialization
instead of draft-jones-json-web-encryption-json-serialization.
Described additional open issues.
Applied editorial suggestions.
-03
Added the kdf (key derivation function) header parameter
to provide crypto agility for key derivation.
The default KDF remains the Concat KDF with the SHA-256 digest function.
Reordered encryption steps so that the Encoded JWE Header
is always created before it is needed as an input to the AEAD
"additional authenticated data" parameter.
Added the cty (content type) header parameter
for declaring type information about the secured content,
as opposed to the typ (type) header parameter,
which declares type information about this object.
Moved description of how to determine whether a header is
for a JWS or a JWE from the JWT spec to the JWE spec.
Added complete encryption examples for both AEAD and non-AEAD algorithms.
Added complete key derivation examples.
Added "Collision Resistant Namespace" to the terminology section.
Reference ITU.X690.1994 for DER encoding.
Added Registry Contents sections to populate registry values.
Numerous editorial improvements.
-02
When using AEAD algorithms (such as AES GCM),
use the "additional authenticated data" parameter
to provide integrity for the header, encrypted key, and
ciphertext and use the resulting "authentication tag"
value as the JWE Integrity Value.
Defined KDF output key sizes.
Generalized text to allow key agreement to be employed
as an alternative to key wrapping or key encryption.
Changed compression algorithm from gzip to DEFLATE.
Clarified that it is an error when a kid
value is included and no matching key is found.
Clarified that JWEs with duplicate Header Parameter Names
MUST be rejected.
Clarified the relationship between
typ header parameter values
and MIME types.
Registered application/jwe MIME type and "JWE" typ header parameter value.
Simplified JWK terminology to get replace the "JWK Key Object" and
"JWK Container Object" terms with simply "JSON Web Key (JWK)"
and "JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set)" and to eliminate potential
confusion between single keys and sets of keys.
As part of this change, the header parameter name for a
public key value was changed from
jpk (JSON Public Key) to
jwk (JSON Web Key).
Added suggestion on defining additional header parameters
such as x5t#S256 in the future
for certificate thumbprints using hash algorithms other
than SHA-1.
Specify RFC 2818 server identity validation, rather than
RFC 6125 (paralleling the same decision in the OAuth specs).
Generalized language to refer to Message Authentication Codes (MACs)
rather than Hash-based Message Authentication Codes (HMACs)
unless in a context specific to HMAC algorithms.
Reformatted to give each header parameter its own section heading.
-01
Added an integrity check for non-AEAD algorithms.
Added jpk and x5c header parameters for including
JWK public keys and X.509 certificate chains directly in
the header.
Clarified that this specification is defining the JWE
Compact Serialization. Referenced the new JWE-JS spec,
which defines the JWE JSON Serialization.
Added text "New header parameters should be introduced
sparingly since an implementation that does not understand
a parameter MUST reject the JWE".
Clarified that the order of the encryption and decryption
steps is not significant in cases where there are no
dependencies between the inputs and outputs of the steps.
Made other editorial improvements suggested by JOSE
working group participants.
-00
Created the initial IETF draft based upon
draft-jones-json-web-encryption-02 with no normative
changes.
Changed terminology to no longer call both digital
signatures and HMACs "signatures".